Access to Electronic Thesis Author: Therese Åsa Margaretha Lindström Thesis title: The History of the Concept of Grammaticalisation Qualification: PhD This electronic thesis is protected by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No reproduction is permitted without consent of the author. If this electronic thesis has been edited by the author it will be indicated as such on the title page and in the text. THE HISTORY OF THE CONCEPT OF GRAMMATICALISATION by Therese Åsa Margaretha Lindström Submitted for the degree of PhD Department of English Language and Linguistics, University of Sheffield June 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ..........................................................................................................i VOLUME I .................................................................................................. V Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................vi List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... viii Part 1: Introduction..................................................................................9 1. Introduction............................................................................................................10 1.0.1 Grammaticalisation Defined? .....................................................................13 1.0.2 The History of the Concept of Grammaticalisation....................................14 1.1 Aims and Objectives...........................................................................................14 1.2 Methodology ......................................................................................................18 1.2.1 A General Methodology of the Historiography of Linguistics...................19 1.2.1.1 Metalanguage.......................................................................................22 1.2.1.2 Dating...................................................................................................24 1.2.1.3 Influence...............................................................................................25 1.2.1.4 Objectivity............................................................................................26 1.2.2 More on the Specific Methodology of this Thesis......................................29 1.3 Outline................................................................................................................35 2. Background ............................................................................................................38 2.1 The History of Grammaticalisation Studies.......................................................38 2.2 The Term Grammaticalisation...........................................................................45 2.2.1 The Oxford English Dictionary Online.......................................................50 2.2.2 Merriam-Webster Online............................................................................51 2.2.3 Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (SAOB) Online...........................................51 2.3 Gradual and Unidirectional Change?...............................................................55 2.4 Grammaticalisation Theory?.............................................................................55 Part 2: The Concept of Grammaticalisation........................................59 3. The Unidirectionality Hypothesis.........................................................................60 3.0 Introduction........................................................................................................60 3.0.1 Outline of Chapter Three ............................................................................61 3.0.2 Introduction to Unidirectionality and Grammaticalisation.........................62 3.1 The Unidirectionality Hypothesis ......................................................................63 3.1.1What is Unidirectionality? ...........................................................................63 3.2 The Strong Hypothesis and Reconstructions in Historical Linguistics .............73 3.2.1 Unidirectionality and Reconstructions........................................................75 3.3 Explaining Unidirectionality .............................................................................78 3.4 Counterdirectional Processes and Counterexamples........................................85 3.4.1 Lexicalisation..............................................................................................90 3.4.2 Degrammaticalisation ...............................................................................109 3.4.3 Regrammaticalisation, Functional Renewal, Exaptation ….....................119 3.5 An Informative, or Confusing, Look at Some Examples ..................................127 3.5.1 The Example Confusion ...........................................................................127 3.5.1.1 Hiu tagu > … > heute ........................................................................127 3.5.1.2 Haidus > -heit.....................................................................................129 3.5.1.3 -ade > ade...........................................................................................130 3.5.1.4 mente > Adverb formative.................................................................131 i 3.5.1.5 Latin –esc-/-isc- (inchoative) > Romance languages (‘meaningless’ part of the inflection of some verbs) ..............................................................132 3.5.2. The Process Confusion ............................................................................134 3.5.2.1 Senior(em) > Sp. Señor, It. Signore, Fr. Seigneur .............................134 3.5.2.2 Suffix, submorphic unit or transmorphemic unit > derivations or inflections.......................................................................................................135 3.5.2.3 Conversion from a lexical category to a grammatical category.........136 3.6 Uniformitarianism............................................................................................137 3.7 Conclusions and Summary...............................................................................145 4. Reanalysis and Analogy in relation to Grammaticalisation ............................148 4.0 Introduction......................................................................................................148 4.1 Reanalysis ........................................................................................................151 4.1.1 Defining Reanalysis..................................................................................155 4.1.2 Ambiguity as a Prerequisite of Reanalysis ...............................................171 4.1.3 Reanalysis and Grammaticalisation - Synonyms?....................................173 4.1.4 The History of Reanalysis.........................................................................178 4.2 Analogy ............................................................................................................180 4.2.1 Analogy – Terminology and Concept.......................................................181 4.2.2 The History of Analogy ............................................................................186 4.2.3 Simplification?..........................................................................................194 4.3 Summary and Conclusions...............................................................................195 VOLUME II..............................................................................................197 Part 3: The History of Grammaticalisation .......................................198 5. Early Treatments of Grammaticalisation (The Nineteenth Century) ...........199 5.0 Introduction......................................................................................................199 5.0.1 Early Treatments of Grammaticalisation during this Period. ...................200 5.0.2 Agglutination Theory, Historical Grammar and Grammaticalisation ......202 5.1 Germany...........................................................................................................203 5.1.1 Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) .......................................................203 5.1.2 Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel (1772-1829)..................................205 5.1.3 August Wilhelm von Schlegel (1767-1845) .............................................207 5.1.4 Franz Bopp (1791-1867)...........................................................................210 5.1.5 Georg von der Gabelentz (1840-1893) .....................................................216 5.1.6 Berthold Delbrück (1842-1927)................................................................218 5.1.7 Hermann Paul (1846 - 1921) ....................................................................221 5.1.8 Karl Brugmann (1849-1919) ....................................................................223 5.2 France..............................................................................................................229 5.2.1 Jean Baptiste de la Curne de Sainte-Palaye (1697-1781) & Abbé François Seraphin Regnier Desmarais (1632-1713).........................................................229 5.2.2 François-Juste-Marie Raynouard (1761-1836).........................................231 5.3 Britain ..............................................................................................................234