Index A Average temperature, 4, 53, 55, 57, 87, 111, 162, 185 Accumulation, 12, 26, 27, 33, 44, 66, 109, 113, 140, 141, Average wind speed, 64 144–146, 152, 155, 162 Achit lake, 37, 116, 165, 208 Active layer, 122, 124–126, 130 B Active layer thickness, 124–126 Baatarkhaihan, 35 Adaatsag, 46 Baga Bogd, 3, 38, 43, 188 Agricultural land, 136, 195–199 Baga Buural, 47 Airag lake, 91, 208 Baga Gazriin Chuluu, 46, 47 Air temperature variation, 111 Baga Khavtag, 45 Aj Bogd, 35, 190 Baga Khentii, 39, 80, 110 Alag khairhan, 35 Baga Uul, 47 Alasha Gobi, 163, 165 Baishin Tsav, 46 Algae, 161, 166 Baitag Bogd, 45 Alluvial fans and sediments, 45, 46 Baruun Khuurai depression, 28, 158, 181 Alluvial-proluvial plains, 27, 29 Baruun Saikhan, 33, 43 Alluvial soils, 145, 157 Baruunturuun, 68, 136 Alpine belts, 66, 171, 185 Bayan, 3, 7, 34–36, 40, 69, 79, 88, 89, 91, 106, 109, 113 Alpine-type high mountains, 32 Bayanbor, 43 Alpine type relief, 44 Bayan Bumbun Ranges, 35 Altai region, 5, 28, 35, 42, 65, 144 Bayankhairhan, 39 Altai-Sayan ecoregion, 210 Bayantsagaan, 42, 43, 47, 49 Altai Tavan Bogd, 24, 35 Bayan-Ulgii, 7, 69, 113 Altankhukhii, 35 Biological diversity, 182 Altan Ulgii, 39 Birds, 161, 162, 169–175, 207, 208 Altitudinal belts, 6, 163, 177, 182–185, 187, 190, 192 Bogd, 3, 11, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 49, 101–103, 106, 181, Angarkhai, 38 188, 204, 208 Animal, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16, 33, 72, 145, 169, 171, 172, Bogd Ulaan, 49 197, 205 Boreal, 6, 163, 164, 187, 210 Annual precipitation, 53, 60, 61, 71, 86, 92, 121, 186, Bor Khairhan, 39 188, 189, 192 Borzon Gobi, 158, 181 Annual runoff, 83–85 Botanical-geographical researches, 18, 166 Arable land, 136, 157, 196–199 Buduun Tolgoi, 47, 49 Arctic Ocean basin, 5, 72, 77, 80, 83, 88, 89, 92, 109 Buir lake, 48, 92, 208 Arsian pingo, 122 Bumbat Khairhan, 35 Artiodactyls, 173 Burged, 35 Arts Bogd, 3, 43 Busiin River, 30 Arvaikheer, 62, 71 Buuntsagaan, 44 Asain maximum, 62 Buun Tsagaan lake, 31 Asgat, 38, 43, 47, 48, 104, 106 Asgat Gurvanbulag, 38 Asgatiin Saridag, 39 C Asian summer monsoon, 55 Carnivores, 173 Asralthairkhan, 3 Central Asia, 2, 10–13, 16, 18, 26, 34, 44, 72, 78, 103, Atas Bogd, 45 135, 161, 164, 167, 173, 180–182, 204 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 213 B. Yembuu (ed.), The Physical Geography of Mongolia, Geography of the Physical Environment, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61434-8 214 Index Central Asian Internal Drainage Basin, 5, 77, 80, 83, E 87–89 Eastern Arts, 38 Central Mongolia, 10, 13, 16, 24, 38, 62, 78, 166, 206 Eastern Khangai, 24, 39, 113, 188 Chagatai Khanate, 10 Eastern Mongolian steppe, 164, 165, 188 Chernozem, 136, 138, 139, 143, 149–153, 166 Ecoregion, 210 Chinggis Khan, 10 Ecosystems, 2, 6, 20, 21, 68, 71, 119, 131, 137, 157, 161, Chiropteras, 173 168, 175, 179, 180, 183, 205, 209 Choiriin Bogd, 46 Eej khairkhan, 207 Chuluut, 28, 32, 38, 87, 95, 116, 124, 125, 132 Ekhiin Gol, 68, 192 Chuluut river, 5, 30, 39, 41, 109 Endemic bird areas, 174 Classification system, 5, 32, 68, 164 Ereentsav low mountains, 48 Climate, 1, 2, 4–6, 9, 12, 20, 21, 30, 31, 34, 51–54, 62, Erhet Khairkhan, 38 64–69, 71, 72, 86, 87, 92, 98, 101, 104, 110–112, Extreme continental, 110, 161, 164 119, 120, 124–128, 135, 137, 140, 154–157, 161, Extremely cold days, 68 162, 168, 171, 174, 183, 187, 188, 190, 191, 204, Extremely low temperatures, 54, 74 210 Eznii-Gol, 15 Coniferous forest, 6, 187 Continental climate, 1, 53, 57, 68, 92, 110, 126, 161, 164, 167 F Continuous permafrost, 97, 120–122, 124, 129 Forest steppe, 64, 66, 73, 92, 140, 161, 162, 164, 165, Cumulative ablation rate, 112 169, 171, 177, 181–183, 185–188, 191, 210 D G Daguur-Manchurian steppe, 167 Galba Gobi, 46, 181, 189 Daguur-Mongol steppe, 180, 181 Ganga Tsagaan ovoo, 47 Daguur Mountain Forest Steppe, 164, 165 Gel Uul, 39 Dalanzadgad, 27, 58, 60, 69, 70, 192 Geographical distribution, 51, 52, 77, 96, 101, 120, 137, Dariganga, 19, 27, 28, 33, 47, 49, 165, 180, 181 161, 170, 174, 177 Dariganga Volcanic Plateau, 28 Geographical regions, 23, 90, 135, 163–165, 168–170, Darkhad depression, 57, 114, 116, 121, 122, 124, 125, 177 187, 189 Gilbent, 45 Darkhan Khan, 47 Ginghis Uul, 45 Dartsag Khuren, 35 Glacial complex, 18, 31, 108 Darvi Range, 35 Glacial geomorphology, 101, 110 Dashbalbar, 68, 71 Glacial valleys, 90 Davaanii lake, 116 Glaciers, 3, 5, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 24, 31, 34, 36, 38, 72, Davst, 79 77, 78, 81, 101–114, 121, 152, 185, 186 Dayan, 36, 89–91, 114, 115 Global radiation, 55 Deflation lakes, 90 Gobi-Altai, 2, 26–28, 32, 35, 42–45, 98, 155, 158, Degree of endemism, 169 163–165, 167, 170, 178, 181, 185, 186, 189 Delgerkhangai, 46 Gobi desert, 2, 4–6, 10, 56–58, 60, 64, 67, 68, 74, 80, 92, Delger river valley, 188 103, 144, 158, 161, 167, 174, 182, 190, 191, 210 Denudation plains, 29, 48 Govi Gurvan Saikhan, 43 Denudation reliefs, 29 Govi-Tien-Shan mountain system, 45 Desert steppe, 6, 57, 67, 136, 142, 144, 147, 148, 153, Great Khyangan Ridge, 3 162, 164, 165, 167, 170, 172, 177, 182, 184, 189, Great Lakes depressions, 4, 6, 35, 44, 54, 64, 71, 136, 190, 198, 210 140–142, 155, 157, 158, 189, 190 Desert zone, 64, 66, 92, 162, 177, 182, 184–186, 189–192 Great Mongol Empire, 10 Discontinuous permafrost, 119, 121, 125, 127 Great National Khural, 10 Dolon, 79 Groundwater, 5, 20, 71, 77, 79, 83–85, 96–98, 126, 131, Dood tsagaan lake, 116 144–146, 154, 157 Dornod Mongolia, 4 Dornod steppe, 98 Drought frequency, 73, 190 H Dry steppe, 66, 137–141, 144, 149, 153, 157, 167, 172, Hay-pasture, 136 182, 184, 188, 189 High mountain (alpine) belt, 182, 184–186, 190 Dund Saikhan, 43 High mountain meadow, 182, 185 Dush, 49, 104 Index 215 High mountains, 2–4, 6, 27, 29–33, 42, 43, 53, 57, 66, 72, Khasagt Khairhan, 35 73, 101, 109, 111, 121, 122, 128, 138, 148–150, Khatan Suudliin Khyar, 45 152, 153, 161, 162, 166, 171, 173, 180–187, 198 Khentii, 2–7, 11, 15, 17, 24–28, 30, 32, 35, 39, 40, 42, 46, Hilly plain relief, 48 48, 60, 64–66, 80, 84, 85, 87, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, Holarctic, 164 98, 109–111, 113, 114, 120–122, 124–131, Hot springs, 93–95 139–141, 143, 144, 155, 163–165, 170, 172, Hummocks, 32, 33, 119, 122, 123 178–181, 185–188, 204, 205 Kherlen river basin, 31 Khermen tsav, 20, 33, 191 I Khiidiin saridag, 39 Ikh Buural, 40, 47 Khongor sand dunes, 190 Ikhes lake, 27 Khoton, 89–91, 113–116 Ikh Gazriin Chuluu, 46 Khovd, 6, 14, 31, 37, 51, 55, 68, 71, 80, 84, 85, 89, 102, Ikh Khairkhan, 46 103, 111, 113, 116, 136, 157, 163–165, 209 Ikh Khaltar, 47 Khuiten, 2, 24, 35, 103, 104, 114, 208 Ikh Khavtag, 45 Khukh lake, 16, 24, 87–90 Ikh Khyangan, 26 Khukh Serkh Ranges, 35 Ikh Myangan, 38 Khungui, 31, 34, 38 Ikh-Tukhum, 79, 136 Khurgan, 89, 113–116 Ikh Uul, 34, 47 Khurkh, 43, 208 Ilkhanate, 10 Khurmen Ovoo, 39 Indian monsoons, 55 Khuvsgul, 3, 6, 7, 15, 24, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35–37, 60, 64, Ingen khuuvur, 158 66, 67, 77, 78, 80, 83, 85, 87–89, 91–95, 97, 101, Inner Mongolia, 10, 15 105, 109, 110, 113, 115, 121, 122, 124, 126–130, Insectivores, 173 132, 137, 139, 144, 155, 163–165, 167, 170, 171, Institute of geography, 20, 78, 79, 119, 137, 182 178, 180, 181, 185–188, 199, 210 Internal basin, 72 Khyangan mountains, 42, 48, 54, 60, 80, 140, 164, 178 Invertebrates, 169 Khyargas lake, 6, 29, 38, 39, 91, 181 J L Jargalant Khairhan, 35 Lake Baikal, 5, 10, 80, 92, 136 Lake depressions, 3, 24, 26–29, 31, 34, 35, 38, 39, 44, 45, 67, 90, 113, 155, 158, 167, 180 K Lamiin Dush, 47 Kastanozem, 138–143, 146, 149–155, 157 Landscape regionalization, 183 Khagiin khar, 42, 114 Land use, 1, 21, 137, 195–199, 202, 203, 205 Khalkh, 10, 42, 48, 60, 80, 87, 164, 165, 178, 180, 188 Large-scale erosion processes, 25 Khalkh and Numrug rivers, 42, 60 Late Pleistocene, 110, 111, 113, 116 Khalzan, 42, 48 Latitudinal directions, 3, 39 Khanbogd, 68, 71 Latitudinal variations, 2, 55, 57, 183, 185 Khangai, 2–7, 10, 14, 16, 24–28, 30–33, 35, 37–40, 44, Latitudinal zones, 177, 182, 183, 185, 187, 188 46, 53, 54, 60, 61, 64–67, 69, 71, 78, 79, 83, 84, Lichen, 161, 166, 186, 187 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 101, 105, 109, 110, Low mountains of the middle Khalkh, 48 113–116, 121, 122, 124, 126–131, 140, 141, 144, 154–156, 163–167, 170–172, 178–182, 184–189, 199, 203, 210 M Khangai mountain, 3, 5, 7, 14, 16, 27, 28, 31–33, 38, 40, Malchin, 35 44, 60, 67, 79, 84, 89, 93, 109, 114, 124, 126–129, Mammals, 18, 161, 162, 169–174 131, 140, 163–165, 167, 178, 180, 181, 185, 186, Man and Biosphere, 207–209 188, 210 Maximum temperature, 57, 68, 86, 87 Khangai plateau, 14, 25, 28, 31, 39, 78, 166 Mean temperature trend, 70 Khan Khukhii mountains, 38, 187, 189 Middle Khalkh steppe, 164, 165, 188 Kharaat Uul, 47 Mid-elevation mountains, 30, 32, 33, 38, 40, 43, 45, 46 Kharhiraa, 18 Mineral water deposit, 93 Khar Khot, 15, 16 Mongol Altai, 2, 3, 6, 14, 16–18, 24–28, 30–32, 35–38, Khar lake, 6, 42, 136, 158, 174, 181, 208 45, 60, 66, 78, 83–85, 87, 91, 93, 101–103, 105, Khar-Us lake, 80, 90, 91, 174, 208 109, 111, 113–115, 136, 140, 155, 163–165, 171, Kharuult, 46 180, 181, 185–189, 209 216 Index Mongol Daguur, 163, 164, 170, 174, 208, 209 Plain, 2–6, 13, 15, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32–34, 44, 46–49, Mongolian gazelle, 172 60, 62, 65, 67, 90, 91, 110, 137, 138, 150, 155, Mongolian-Russian joint geological expeditions, 7, 24 161, 163, 166, 169, 171, 172, 178–181, 183, 188, Mongolian Science Commission, 18 189 Morit, 47 Plant communities, 164, 167 Mountain steppe, 121, 140, 145, 150, 153, 164, 165, 170, Podzolic, 149, 150, 153 171, 173, 180–182, 184, 187, 188 Potanin glacier, 14, 78, 102, 103, 111, 112 Mountain taiga, 80, 121, 137–139, 150, 152, 153, 162, Potential evapotranspiration, 60, 71 164, 165,