CONCEPTUAL RELATIVISM AND LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY How to comprehend the incomprehensible? MSc Thesis (Afstudeerscriptie) written by Julia Joanna Turska (born April 12th, 1994 in Warsaw, Poland) under the supervision of Prof. Dr Martin Stokhof, and submitted to the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MSc in Logic at the Universiteit van Amsterdam. Date of the public defense: Members of the Thesis Committee: August 30, 2018 Prof. Dr Benedikt Lowe¨ Dr Luca Incurvati Prof. Dr Robert van Rooij Prof. Dr Martin Stokhof Abstract In this thesis, the philosophical debate on conceptual relativism between Quine and Davidson is examined, along with their respective theories of interpretation. A new perspective on the issues raised by these philoso- phers in their theoretical accounts of linguistic comprehension is introduced through an examination of two research projects conducted in the paradigm of linguistic anthropology. The philosophical standpoints are an- alyzed against the background of the data these empirical projects deliver, and the question of their validity in the face of these findings is explored. In the light of the presented research, Davidson’s account grounded in the principle of charity is deemed as more empirically plausible than Quine’s theory, which stands on the existence of alternative conceptual schemes. In addition, the current analysis itself is investigated as a case-study in the considerations regarding the relationship between empirical science and philosophy. Acknowledgements I am very grateful to have had an opportunity to work with prof. Martin Stokhof on this project. His atten- tiveness, kindness and brilliant feedback were available to me throughout the whole process of writing and researching this thesis. Martin, thank you not only for being an excellent supervisor, but also for the two courses you gave which I was lucky enough to attend. I found the way you encourage your students to look at philosophy very inspiring and I hope that what I have learned from you will stay with me for a long time. I would also like to express my gratitude to my family and friends for all the love and support they have so generously given me. I would especially like to thank my mom who funnily enough also wrote her Master’s thesis on the topic of translatability and who provided me with invaluable feedback on my work. Contents Introduction: indeterminacy, incommensurability and interpretation2 1 Quine, Davidson and conceptual relativism6 1.1 Conceptual relativism: Willard van Orman Quine........................6 1.1.1 Naturalism and behaviorism in Quine’s thought.....................6 1.1.2 Empirical holism.....................................8 1.1.3 Radical translation.................................... 10 1.1.4 Underdetermination of theory by evidence. Stimulus synonymy............ 12 1.1.5 Metaphysical implications of indeterminacy of translation............... 14 1.2 Common-sense realism: Donald Davidson............................ 15 1.2.1 Criticism of the notion of conceptual scheme...................... 16 1.2.2 Radical interpretation................................... 18 1.2.3 Principle of charity and common-sense realism..................... 20 1.2.4 Theory of communication................................ 21 1.3 Similarities and differences: possibility of resolution?...................... 23 1.3.1 System-builders...................................... 23 1.3.2 Relation to the empirical................................. 24 1.3.3 The institution of thought experiments in philosophical rhetoric............ 25 1.3.4 Philosophical anthropology............................... 25 1.3.5 How about linguistic anthropology?........................... 26 2 Linguistic anthropology: translation and interpretation 29 2.1 Linguistic anthropology...................................... 29 2.1.1 Influences......................................... 30 2.1.2 Methodology....................................... 31 2.1.3 Criteria of choice..................................... 32 2.2 Language as a cultural reality : Bronisław Malinowski on the language of the Melanesian tribes 34 2.2.1 Historical background.................................. 34 2.2.2 The history of research of the culture of Papua New Guinea.............. 35 2.2.3 Methodology....................................... 36 2.2.4 Translation........................................ 38 2.2.5 Translation manual.................................... 39 2.3 Inter-ethnic dialogue: Benjamin Bailey on communication of respect.............. 43 2.3.1 The Korean-American - African-American Conflict................... 44 2.3.2 Strategies for communicating respect.......................... 44 2.3.3 Methodology....................................... 46 2.3.4 Communication interrupted............................... 47 3 Philosophical theories, anthropological research 53 3.1 Empirical implications of the philosophical accounts...................... 53 3.2 A practical exercise in radical translation............................. 54 3.2.1 The process of achieving inter-cultural understanding: language and view point.... 54 3.2.2 Accuracy and the threat of indeterminacy........................ 56 3.2.3 Malinowski’s translation manual............................. 57 3.2.4 Functionalism and rationality.............................. 59 3.3 Possibility of cross-cultural commensuration: principle of charity at work?........... 60 3.3.1 Discourse strategies and conceptual schemes...................... 60 3.3.2 Communication, conventions and discourse strategies.................. 62 3.3.3 Transaction or affiliation with one’s social group?.................... 63 4 Concluding remarks 65 4.1 Case study: relationship between philosophy and empirical science............... 66 4.1.1 Conceptual compatibility................................. 66 4.1.2 Confrontation with observation............................. 67 4.1.3 Evaluation of results of a thought experiment...................... 68 4.1.4 Complementary investigations.............................. 69 4.2 Conclusions and future research................................. 70 List of Figures 1.1 Triangle.............................................. 21 2.1 Excerpt from the corpus inscriptionum, Malinowski [1935] 1965 : 119............. 40 2.2 Excerpt from the corpus inscriptionum, Malinowski [1935] 1965 : 122............. 41 2.3 Taytu vines, Malinowski [1935] 2013 : 161........................... 42 2.4 Preparation of taytu tubules, Malinowski [1935] 1965 : 144................... 42 I note the obvious differences between each sort and type, but we are more alike, my friends, than we are unalike. Maya Angelou, Human Family Introduction: indeterminacy, incommensurability and interpretation The main topic of this thesis is the process of achieving understanding between participants in a conversation. In line with the philosophical tradition of exploring this issue, the focus of this analysis is the case of cross- cultural hermeneutics, as in such a setting the truly significant aspects of the process of interpretation really come through to the foreground. For in these situations all the instruments which make communication easier, such as a shared language, a common system of beliefs or knowledge of the same cultural artifacts, might not be available to the interpreter. The question therefore is if all of these devices are taken away, whether intelligibility is still achievable. For if the relationship between these instruments and linguistic meaning is one of dependence of the latter on the former, then in such a scenario of sparsity of information available to the interpreter, she might not be able to accurately grasp the meaning of the message conveyed by the speaker. If this is the case, then linguistic utterances require additional input in the form of a system of categories or a set of beliefs on the part of the interpreter in order to be comprehended, as just by themselves they are indeterminate. The issue of indeterminacy is discussed not only in the context of linguistic understanding. For instance, John Cage, a composer and music theorist, explored it in reference to musical composition (Cage 2004). He defined indeterminacy in this discipline as “the ability of a piece to be performed in substantially different ways” (Pritchett 1996 : 108). As an example of a piece of music which is indeterminate he gave The Art of the Fugue by J.S. Bach. The function of a performer, in case of The Art of the Fugue, is comparable to that of someone filling in color where outlines are given. Cage 2004 : 35 2 3 Let us borrow this metaphor and go back to the discussion on linguistic understanding. Let us imagine a coloring book in which the initial outlines disappear after they are filled in with colorful paints. Suppose now that one person fills in the color in an outline in this book in accordance with how she was taught to do by members of the community to which she belongs. Our initial question then becomes whether, when given a colorized shape, a person who has a drastically different cultural background from the creator of the picture will be able to accurately recover the shape outlined in the beginning. Conceptual relativism is a standpoint according to which ontology, as in objects and kinds, is relativised to conceptual schemes which are ingrained in language (Baghramian and Carter 2017). Such a stance is entailed by a negative answer to the question of whether the meaning of a linguistic utterance, or the original shape in