ON THE CONFLICT BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND POPULISM A cross-country analysis of Belgium, Netherlands and the United Kingdom Niek Hinsenveld – s1009788 Prof. Dr. M.R.R. Ossewaarde (University Twente) Dr. L.A. Nguyen Long (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universitat Münster) Final Version 20-03-2017 ABSTRACT This research delves into the tensions come forth within a liberal democracy when populist parties arise. It is argued that populism is an aspect which automatically comes forth within a liberal democracy when it transitions towards a post-democracy. Something which might happen automatically due to inherent tendencies happening within a liberal democratic society. A liberal democracy is a society in which the majority decides but the civil liberties are protected. Populism in this research is defined as a thin-ideology with chameleonic a chameleonic nature. This research focusses on the evolution of populist discourse within the party manifestos of five distinguishable parties over the course of four elections across three countries, the UK, Belgium and the Netherlands. It does so in order to determine how the tensions between populism and the liberal democratic tradition comes forth within party manifestos and election programs. Key-words: Populism; liberal democracy; post-democracy; discourse analysis; Tocqueville; - 1 - INDEX Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... - 1 - List of Tables and figures ........................................................................................................................ - 4 - 1. introduction .................................................................................................................................... - 5 - 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... - 5 - 1.2 Research Question ....................................................................................................................... - 8 - 1.3 Approach .................................................................................................................................... - 10 - 2. (liberal) Democracy and its demons (Theoretical Framework) ......................................... - 11 - 2.1 What is a democratic society? ......................................................................................... - 11 - 2.2 ConceptualiZing Liberal democracy ............................................................................... - 12 - 2.2.1 What is Liberal democracy ........................................................................................ - 12 - 2.2.2 The tensions between Liberal democracy and Populism ................................... - 14 - 2.3 (Liberal) democratic tendencies and their affects on society ................................... - 16 - 2.3.1 Undesirable tendencies within democracy ........................................................... - 17 - 2.3.2 Dangers of a democratic society according to Tocqueville ............................. - 18 - 2.3.3 Mass democracy – How to rule them all ................................................................ - 20 - 2.3.4 Demagogurey – One to rule them all ..................................................................... - 21 - 2.4 Populism and its non-democratic partners..................................................................... - 22 - 2.4.1 Fascism & communism, stage 4 populism? ............................................................ - 23 - 2.4.2 Neo-Totalitarianism ...................................................................................................... - 24 - 2.5 What is a post-democratic society? ................................................................................ - 25 - 2.6 interpretations and preliminary conclusions ................................................................... - 26 - 3. Methodology ................................................................................................................................ - 29 - 3.1 What is a Discourse Analysis? ............................................................................................ - 29 - 3.2 Case selection – Countries & Parties ................................................................................ - 30 - 3.2.1 Country selection ......................................................................................................... - 30 - 3.2.2 Party Selection ............................................................................................................. - 31 - 3.2.2.1 Party Selection the Netherlands ........................................................................... - 31 - 3.2.2.2 Party selection Belgium .......................................................................................... - 32 - 3.2.2.3 Party selection United Kingdom ........................................................................... - 33 - - 2 - Data and the data collection method ...................................................................................... - 33 - 3.3 Coding Scheme & method of analysis ............................................................................ - 34 - 3.3.1 How is the researsch conducted? – A step by step guide ................................. - 34 - 3.3.2 The coding Scheme .................................................................................................... - 36 - 3.4 Preliminary conclusion of methods chapter ................................................................... - 38 - 4. Analysis of the populist discourse ............................................................................................. - 39 - 4.1 The visible tension between liberal democratic and populist discourse ........................ - 39 - 4.1.1 Analysing the party manifestos discourse on tensions................................................ - 39 - 4.1.1 Preliminary conclusion – tensions within Party Manifesto’s .................................. - 46 - 4.2 The evolution of the populist Discourse in Party Manifesto’s ....................................... - 48 - 4.2.1 analysing the populist discourse ............................................................................... - 48 - 4.2.1.1 Heartland .................................................................................................................. - 48 - 4.2.1.2 The ‘Good’ People vs. The ‘Corrupt’ Elite .......................................................... - 51 - 4.2.1.3 Primacy of Popular sovereignty ............................................................................ - 54 - 4.2.1.4 Hostility representative Government and its Institutions .................................. - 55 - 4.2.2 preliminary conclusion – Evolution of populist discourse ..................................... - 56 - 5. Conclusion and Discussion ........................................................................................................ - 58 - 5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. - 58 - 5.2 Discussion and further research ........................................................................................ - 63 - 6. Reference List ............................................................................................................................... - 66 - 7. Appendixes ................................................................................................................................... - 71 - 7.1 Appendix I – Overview of Party manifestos .................................................................... - 71 - - 3 - LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1 Chosen Dutch parties including party ideology and position on political spectrum- 32 - Table 2 Chosen Belgian parties including party ideology and position on political spectrum .... - 32 - Table 3 Chosen United Kingdom parties including party ideology and position on political spectrum ................................................................................................................................................ - 33 - Table 4 Parties sorted by political spectrum and party ideology ............................................... - 35 - Table 5 Codebook for the discourse analysis into populist discourse ........................................ - 37 - Figure 1 - differences in anti-elite rhetoric Source: Author ........................................................... - 56 - Figure 2 - Different levels of elite Source: author ............................................................................ - 61 - - 4 - 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND During the course of history democracy has always been a much-debated concept. Its origin is often said to be in ancient Athens. In current day politics democracy is, again, at the heart of the debate. But what exactly is democracy? The word democracy is derived from the Greek word of Demokratia, which in essence means rule, Kratos, by the people, demos. Democracy is a form of governance. But democracy is also a form of society. At first glance the concept ‘Rule by the people’ seems unambiguous. But it is not. As David Held (2006) asks his readers: ‘Rule?’- ‘Rule by?’- ‘the People?’. Who are these people? What does being ruled by the people mean? The concept of democracy is used differently within rival theories