Mobility for development Bangalore I India The Energy and Resources Institute World Business Council for Sustainable Development Acknowledgement We would like to thank The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) for preparing this report. We would also like to thank Toyota Motor Corporation and Renault S.A. for their support in preparing this case study and for their invaluable contribution in organizing the stakeholder dialogue in Bangalore. We also deeply appreciate the valuable input we received from the participants who took part in the stakeholder dialogue in Bangalore. Disclaimer This case study has been prepared by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) with input from several member companies as a part of the Mobility for Development (M4D) project at the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). It includes views and opinions from a stakeholder dialogue that was held in Bangalore. This does not mean, however, that every WBCSD member company agrees with every word. Mobility for development Bangalore I India Contents Project team ....................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... ii Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... v Executive summary .......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 12 1.1 What is sustainable mobility? ............................................................................... 12 1.2 Study background and objectives ......................................................................... 13 1.3 Approach and method adopted ............................................................................. 14 1.4 Organization of the report .................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2 Overview of transport infrastructure in India ............................................ 17 2.1 Economic importance of the transport sector ....................................................... 17 2.2 Overview of India’s transport sector .................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Roads ............................................................................................................. 21 2.2.1.1 Current status .......................................................................................... 21 2.2.1.2 Initiatives and investments ..................................................................... 21 2.2.1.3 Issues ...................................................................................................... 24 2.2.2 Rail ................................................................................................................ 25 2.2.2.1 Current status .......................................................................................... 25 2.2.2.2 Initiatives and investments ..................................................................... 25 2.2.2.3 Issues ...................................................................................................... 26 2.2.3 Ports ............................................................................................................... 26 2.2.3.1 Current status .......................................................................................... 26 2.2.3.2 Initiatives and investments ..................................................................... 28 2.2.3.3 Issues ...................................................................................................... 28 2.2.4 Water transport .............................................................................................. 29 2.2.4.1 Current status .......................................................................................... 29 2.2.4.2 Investments and initiatives ..................................................................... 29 2.2.4.3 Issues ...................................................................................................... 29 2.2.5 Air .................................................................................................................. 30 2.2.5.1 Current status .......................................................................................... 30 2.2.5.2 Initiatives and investments ..................................................................... 31 2.2.5.3 Issues ...................................................................................................... 31 2.3 Urbanization, motorization and policy responses................................................. 31 2.3.1 Urbanization .................................................................................................. 32 2.3.2 Rapidly increasing motorization .................................................................... 32 2.3.3 Policy responses ............................................................................................ 35 2.4 Summing-up ......................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 3 Mobility in Karnataka and Bangalore ........................................................ 38 3.1 Background – Karnataka state .............................................................................. 38 3.1.1 Overview of Karnataka’s transport sector ..................................................... 39 3.1.1.1 The Transport Department of the Government of Karnataka ................. 39 3.1.1.2 Urban Development Department (UDD) ............................................... 40 3.1.1.3 Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) ............................... 40 3.1.1.4 Public Works Department, Government of Karnataka ........................... 40 3.1.1.5 Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) ........................ 40 3.1.2 Investments and initiatives in the transport sector ........................................ 40 3.1.3 Communication infrastructure in Karnataka ................................................. 41 3.2 Bangalore .............................................................................................................. 42 3.2.1 Study area location and definition ................................................................. 42 3.2.1.1 Location .................................................................................................. 42 3.2.1.2 The study area ......................................................................................... 42 3.2.2 Population characteristics .............................................................................. 46 3.2.2.1 Growth .................................................................................................... 46 3.2.2.2 Migration ................................................................................................ 47 3.2.2.3 Demographic characteristics................................................................... 48 3.2.2.4 Projected population ............................................................................... 49 3.2.2.5 Density .................................................................................................... 49 3.2.3 Economy ........................................................................................................ 50 3.2.3.1 Evolution and status ............................................................................... 50 3.2.3.2 Occupational structure ............................................................................ 50 3.2.3.3 Income divide in the city ........................................................................ 51 3.2.4 Spatial growth and structure .......................................................................... 53 3.2.4.1 Land use and transport ............................................................................ 55 3.2.4.2 Land and housing situation ..................................................................... 58 3.2.4.3 Growth of satellite towns ........................................................................ 59 3.3 Summing-up ......................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 4 Mobility in Bangalore ................................................................................ 61 4.1 Some characteristics of mobility in Bangalore ..................................................... 61 4.1.1 Number and length of trips ............................................................................ 62 4.1.2 Growth and status of motorized vehicles ...................................................... 63 4.1.3 Rise in motorized vehicle ownership ............................................................ 64 4.1.4 The modal paradox ........................................................................................ 65 4.1.5 Road environment and infrastructure ............................................................ 66 4.1.6 Suburban rail ................................................................................................. 68 4.2 The sustainability of mobility in Bangalore ......................................................... 68 4.2.1 Accessibility