Pure Appl. Biol., 10(3):726-737, September, 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100074 Research Article Leaf anatomy of Cyperus species growing in different soils of Punjab Pakistan Aamir Mumtaz1*, Aisha Taseen1 and Amina Ameer1 1. Government Post Graduate College Mianwali-Pakistan *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Citation AamirMumtaz, Aisha Taseen and Amina Ameer. Leaf anatomy of Cyperus species growing in different soils of Punjab Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology. Vol. 10, Issue 3, pp726-737. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100074 Received: 21/09/2020 Revised: 20/11/2020 Accepted: 00/11/2020 Online First: 01/12/2020 Abstract Cyperaceae also called the Sedge-family is the third-largest monocot family. They have a cosmopolitan distribution with a wide variety of habitats such as steep slopes, high altitude, extreme aridity, extreme salinity, swamps, marshes, and moist areas. In this study, the transverse sections of leaves of different species of the genus Cyperus were collected from different regions of Punjab including Faisalabad, Chiniot, Jarhanwala, Sahianwala, KalarKahar, Khabeki Lake, Pakkana, and Balloki. The soil samples and leaf sections were analyzed for the adaptations in leaf anatomy in different soils of Punjab. This analysis demonstrated diverse modifications in the leaf area; thickness of vascular bundles; altered phloem and metaxylem cell area; sclerenchyma, collenchyma, and aerenchyma thickness; and variations in upper and lower epidermal cell area and the number of stomata on both sides of the epidermis, etc. based on the soil structure and composition in different regions of Punjab. The modifications were proportional to the accelerated survival and growth rate of the species in that region. Sedges are present in different environment such as degraded soil, hyper-saline waters, dry land salinity; however, many are related to Lakes or soils. The anatomical structures of various plant parts are seen as an adaptation to the ecological habitat of certain plants. It was therefore believed that indigenous species of the Cyperaceous family may have evolved specific leaf anatomy which has permitted them to live under severe environmental conditions such as drought and salinity. Keywords: Cyperaceae; Cyperus; Leaf; Punjab; Pakistan; Soil Introduction vascular plants, this is the second largest Among the top ten families of angiosperms, family with the number of genera above 70. Cyperaceae is the third-largest monocot Also, it is the second-largest family of order family comprising of 4000-5000 species poales. Moreover, it also occupies the second worldwide. All these species are categorized position among the families of C4 plants with into more than 70 genera after a detailed 1500 species that make up 20% of the total C4 analysis of features such as dorsoventrally and plants. But owing to the varying nature of C4 laterally flattened pleomorphic trimerous plants, these C4 species of Cyperaceae are also gynoecium, and spirally arranged legumes, diverse in their anatomical and biochemical etc., through ontogenetically and anatomical characteristics [2]. techniques of analysis [1]. Among the Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology 726 Mumtaz et al. Cyperaceae is also called the sedge-family of is saline while Faisalabad has saline-sodic soil angiosperms because of the genus Cyperus. [8]. L.containing almost 600 species that can grow Studies have identified that the leaf anatomy in all types of temperate and tropical zones. of most of the members of the Cyperaceae These are perennial/annual aquatic plants that family shows midrib with solid bulliform can also grow up to 0.5 cm in water [3]. cells, abaxial epidermal cells shorter than the Because of differences in the development of adaxial epidermal cells, and double-layered anatomical features, the genus can be bundle sheath and collateral vascular bundle subdivided into two sub-genera i.e., C4 type with outer parenchymatous layer and fibrous photosynthetic Cyperus with chlorocyperoid sclerified inner layer. Cyperaceae family also anatomy of kranz cells and C3 type shows phytolith (silica bodies) in the Photosynthetic Cyperus with eucyperoid epidermis. Some of the species also have anatomy in the absence of kranz cells [4]. Paracytic stomata with two subsidiary cells Cyperaceae family has a cosmopolitan adjacent to the aperture [9]. distribution. In Pakistan, the species are The composition and structure of soil affect distributed largely throughout from the plains the growth of various parts of plants. Plants of Sindh to Punjab, sandy mountains of modify their anatomical features to sustain the Baluchistan, and green valleys of Kashmir, challenging environments for survival and Gilgit Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [5]. efficient growth. We designed this study to It has been reported that over 22 genera and identify the anatomical changes in the leaf of more than 179 species are growing throughout Cyperaceae species growing in different soil the country [6]. Punjab province lies 27°42’ to regions of Punjab, Pakistan. The study aimed 34°02’ North latitude and 69°18’ to 75°23’ to determine the impact of soil structure on the east longitudes on the globe and is bordered on leaf anatomy of selected species of West by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, on South by Cyperaceae family in the selected areas of Sindh, and on North by Baluchistan. It Punjab. After a detailed analysis of anatomical occupies 20.63 million hectares of the tropical structures, our study found that the species zone and spreads 616km from East to West diversity of Cyperus in different regions of and 1078km from North to South (Table 1). Punjab was based on the changes in leaf Punjab is divided into many districts and anatomy of the plants due to differences in the regions which have different texture and soil texture and composition. composition of the soil [7]. For example, Materials and Methods Chakwal district has a soil structure For this study, detailed surveys were carried comprising mostly of sandstone, limestone out throughout the Punjab region including and shale rocks. So, it is weak and calcareous major cities such as Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, and also has gravels, stones, and rocks, etc. Murree, Sargodha, Sahianwala, Khushab, The consistency of soil in this district ranges and Lahore, Mianwali, Jhang, Nowshera and from sandy loam to loam with a pH of 7.7-7.8. some smaller districts. During these surveys, Similarly, the Sahianwala of Punjab has three soil samples from different ecological zones different soil types i.e., wetland, dry saline and pertaining to the studied areas were obtained highly saline soil. Murree has two different and were subjected to laboratory analysis. soil structures comprising of reddish/purple Soil samples underwent chemical analysis; in sandstones and greyish sandstones divided addition, electrical conductivity studies for into upper and lower regions. Likewise, the various ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- were soil of Chiniot is sandy and that of KalarKahar also performed. 727 Pure Appl. Biol., 10(3):726-737, September, 2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2021.100074 Soil samples acquired from the Sahianwala was used for material fixation. Long term region were categorized as three different fixation of tissues was done using Acetic types: 1) Dry saline soil 2) Highly saline soil Alcohol solution (25% acetic acid with 75% 3) Wetland. Conductivity meters were ethyl alcohol). employed for the analysis of electrical Slides of the transverse section were prepared conductivity. The anatomical parameters using a double-stained standard technique. were assessed using a compound microscope, The formula mentioned below was used to a calibrated stage micrometer together with calculate the area of different cells and tissues an ocular micrometer. (this formula is a modification of area of Formalin Acetic Acid (FAA) solution circle i.e. πr2). comprising of 50% ethyl alcohol, 35% Area= Maximum length x Maximum width x 22 distilled water, 10% acetic acid, 5% formalin, 28 Table 1. Habitats descriptions of collecting sites LOCATIONS Latitude Longitude Altitude(Feet) Sahiwanla 31⁰38'20.93" 73⁰14'04.10" 633 Faisalabad 31⁰27'17.47" 73⁰45'06.66" 619 Sargodha 32⁰07'10.33" 73⁰33'42.63" 592 Murree 33⁰55'21 .53" 73⁰23'30.28" 5909 Rawalpindi 33⁰34'24.30" 73⁰05'45.46" 1669 Lahore 31⁰31'57.27" 74⁰2' 45.31" 712 Mianwali 32⁰33'35.75" 71⁰33'08.19" 698 Khushab 33⁰53'34.04" 73⁰20'20.84" 213 Nowshera 32⁰33'44.31" 72⁰09'33.00" 2852 Jhang 31⁰16'41.05" 72⁰19'54.03" 519 Statistical analysis Another species Cyperus glaber in the Head Analysis of variance (ANOVA) via complete Rasool Region also showed modifications in randomized design (CRD) with the two- leaf anatomy in the form of the thick epidermis factor factorial arrangement is used for the (Fig. 1c), largest cortical cell area (Fig. 1f) and analysis of the data. maximum phloem cell area (Fig. 1q) while the Results Cyperus squarossus species in the same region Analysis of modifications in leaf anatomy had maximum aerenchyma cell area when with respect to different texture and compared to other species of the same genera composition of soil in various regions of in Punjab (Fig. 1n). Punjab showed that Cyperus laevigatus The soils of Khabeki Lake showed anatomical growing in the soils of Sahianwala in the dry changes in the leaf of Cyperus maritimus in and saline regions had increased stomatal cell the form of increased leaf area (Fig. 1a), area in the upper and lower epidermis of the thickest epidermis (Fig 1c), minimum upper leaf (Fig. 1g, 1h) while the leaves also had epidermal cell area, the highest number of thickest sclerenchyma layer and thinnest stomata on the upper epidermis (Fig. 1j), aerenchyma as compared to other Cyperus maximum aerenchyma cell area (Fig. 1n)and species in the surrounding areas (Fig.