Feasibility Study for Developing a Microgrid to Serve the Ithaca South Energy District Final Report Fractal Energy Consulting Justyna Bujno, Allen Chien, Mark Flamme, Victoria Hu, Jeevan Kadam, Mauricio Medaets, Louis Monteagudo, Krishnamurthy Narayanan, Adam Schecter, Shankar Suresh Kartha, Felicia Violitta, Hanqing XiaoXiao Yang CEE 5910 Fall 2016 Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Advisor Project Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Mission .................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Motivation ............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Team Member Background ................................................................................................................................ 7 Team Structure .................................................................................................................................................... 9 Market Survey Groups ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Skill Matrix ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Assumptions ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 Geography Scope ............................................................................................................................................... 12 Energy Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Microgrid and Macrogrid Technology .................................................................................................................... 14 Macrogrid ............................................................................................................................................................ 144 History of the Electric Power Grid ...................................................................................................................... 15 Challenges Facing the Power Grid ...................................................................................................................... 17 Microgrid ............................................................................................................................................................... 17 Microgrid Infrastructure and Architecture .......................................................................................................... 199 Primary Areas of Research to Improve System Architecture ......................................................................... 211 Current Microgrid Structure ............................................................................................................................. 222 Fundamentals of a Microgrid ............................................................................................................................. 222 Microgrid Structure ............................................................................................................................................ 222 Microgrid Types .................................................................................................................................................. 233 Microgrid Control Layer .................................................................................................................................... 255 Control Involving Communication .................................................................................................................... 266 Control With No Communication Inverter ...................................................................................................... 277 Local Control of Distributed Generation Structure in the Microgrid ............................................................ 277 Central Control of Distributed Generation in a Microgrid ............................................................................. 322 Other Control Methods Used for Power Management .................................................................................... 355 Existing Control Methods within the Inverter.................................................................................................. 377 Microgrid Smart Metering ................................................................................................................................. 377 Combined Heat and Power ..................................................................................................................................... 399 CHP Process .......................................................................................................................................................... 39 Gas Turbines.......................................................................................................................................................... 40 Steam Turbines .................................................................................................................................................... 411 Natural-Gas-based Generation ................................................................................................................................. 42 Reciprocating Engines .......................................................................................................................................... 42 Fuel Cells ................................................................................................................................................................ 43 Microturbines ........................................................................................................................................................ 44 Biomass ..................................................................................................................................................................... 466 Overview .............................................................................................................................................................. 466 Sources of Biomass .............................................................................................................................................. 476 Description of Types of Biomass Technology ................................................................................................... 477 Environmental Regulations, Statistics, and Forecasting.................................................................................. 499 1 Local Incentive Programs, Case-studies, and Economics .................................................................................. 50 Applying Biomass Energy Processes to Ithaca ................................................................................................. 511 Solar Energy ............................................................................................................................................................. 533 Cost of Solar Power ............................................................................................................................................. 544 Solar Power at the Emerson Plant ..................................................................................................................... 565 Demand and End Users ........................................................................................................................................... 588 Priority Load Analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 60 Non-Priority Load Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 621 Chainworks Load Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 61 Capacity Analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 632 Pitch Strategy ........................................................................................................................................................... 654 Chain Works District .........................................................................................................................................