Durham E-Theses Causation, Realism, Determinism, and Probability in the Science and Philosophy of Max Born BUNCE, THOMAS,GEORGE How to cite: BUNCE, THOMAS,GEORGE (2018) Causation, Realism, Determinism, and Probability in the Science and Philosophy of Max Born, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12697/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 1 Thomas George Bunce Causation, Realism, Determinism, and Probability in the Science and Philosophy of Max Born Abstract In this thesis I will examine the philosophy of the physicist Max Born (1882-1970). As well as his scientific work, Born wrote on a number of philosophical topics: causation, realism, determinism, and probability. They appear as an interest throughout his career, but he particularly concentrates on them from the 1940s onwards. Born is a significant figure in the development of quantum mechanics whose philosophical work has been left largely unexamined. It is the aim of this thesis to elucidate and to critically examine that work. I will give a defence of presentist historiography in the history and philosophy of science and a (relatively) brief biography of Born. With regards to causation, the thesis will argue that he holds that there exist principles regarding causal relations that have guided the development of physics and have, in the modern formulation of the subject, been confirmed as having an empirical status. I will argue that he is a selective realist, initially with regards to invariant properties and, later on, a structural realist. With regards to determinism, I will argue that Born has produced an argument, compatible with modern philosophical definitions of determinism, that we were never entitled to conclude from the success of classical mechanics that the world was deterministic. Finally, I will argue that Born holds an objective interpretation of probabilities in quantum mechanics which, due to his strong belief in the physical reality of quantum- mechanical probabilities and his apparent disbelief in the superposition of the wave- function, is most likely a long-run propensity theory. 2 Causation, Realism, Determinism, and Probability in the Science and Philosophy of Max Born Thomas George Bunce Submitted for the qualification of PhD in Philosophy Department of Philosophy Durham University 2017 Table of Contents Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................4 Introduction.......................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1—Historiographical Prolegomenon...................................................................8 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................8 2 Problems for Presentism.............................................................................................10 2.1 Whig History.......................................................................................................10 2.2 Triumphalism......................................................................................................13 2.3 Presentism, Causation and Diachronic History..................................................14 2.4 Presentism Defended..........................................................................................18 3 An Example From Alchemy.......................................................................................21 3.1 Newman..............................................................................................................21 3.2 Ursula Klein........................................................................................................23 4 The Historiography of Scientific Biography...............................................................25 4.1 David Brewster and the ‘Memoirs of Isaac Newton’.........................................27 4.1.1 The High Priest of Science—Newton as a Religious Figure......................31 4.2 Louis Trenchard More and ‘Isaac Newton: A Biography’..................................33 4.3 Frank E Manuel and ‘A Portrait of Isaac Newton’.............................................35 5 Conclusion..................................................................................................................37 Chapter 2: The Born Identity...........................................................................................41 1 Introduction................................................................................................................41 1.1 The Biographies..................................................................................................42 2 Early Life....................................................................................................................43 3 University—Breslau, Heidelberg, Zurich and Göttingen...........................................46 4 Doctoral Thesis...........................................................................................................54 5 Habilation and Lectureships in Göttingen and Berlin................................................58 6 Back to Göttingen; Quantum Mechanics....................................................................62 7 Leaving Germany; South Tyrol; Cambridge; and Edinburgh.....................................69 3 8 Retirement From Edinburgh and Later Life; Nobel Prize; Pugwash.........................71 Chapter 3: Born on Causation.........................................................................................75 1 Introduction................................................................................................................75 2 Born's Causal Principles.............................................................................................76 3 The Causal Principles in the Development of Physics...............................................79 3.1 Contiguity...........................................................................................................79 3.1.1 Contact Forces.............................................................................................82 3.1.2 Electromagnetic Fields................................................................................84 3.1.3 Relativity.....................................................................................................85 3.2 Antecedence........................................................................................................86 3.2.1 Antecedence in Newtonian Mechanics.......................................................86 3.2.2 Antecedence in Thermodynamics...............................................................89 3.2.3 Antecedence in Quantum Mechanics..........................................................97 4 What is Born after?...................................................................................................100 4.1 Principles in Physics: A Zoo.............................................................................102 4.1.1 Kantian Synthetic A Priori Principles.......................................................102 4.1.2 Chang's Ontological Principles.................................................................105 4.1.3 Meyerson’s Principles of Identity (via way of Eli Zahar).........................110 4.1.4 Influential Metaphysics.............................................................................112 4.1.5 Zahar on Metaphysical Principles and Heuristic Superiority....................116 4.2 What is the Status of the Principles?.................................................................119 5 Does Physics Actually Respect Contiguity and Antecedence?................................123 5.1.1 Spooky Action at a Distance.....................................................................123 5.1.2 Relativistic Time Travel?..........................................................................124 5.1.3 Should Born Have Considered Relativistic Time-Travel?........................126 6 Conclusion................................................................................................................128 Chapter 4—Born on Scientific Realism........................................................................129 1 Introduction..............................................................................................................129 2 Born, Positivism and Invariant Realism...................................................................130 2.1 Dingle................................................................................................................130 2.2 ‘Physical Reality’..............................................................................................133