City Indicator Consistency Analysis: An Approach to Inconsistency Detection by Yetian Wang A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto © Copyright by Yetian Wang 2017 City Indicator Consistency Analysis: An Approach to Inconsistency Detection Yetian Wang Master of Applied Science Graduate Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 2017 Abstract Cities use a variety of metrics to evaluate and compare their performance. The ISO 37120 standard provides a definition for city indicators that measure a city’s quality of life and sustainability. A problem that arises in indicator-based comparisons, is whether the comparison is invalid due to inconsistencies in the data used to derive them? In this thesis we present three types of inconsistency analysis for automating the detection of inconsistencies in open city data. Namely, definitional consistency analysis that evaluates if data used to derive a city indicator is consistent with the indicator’s definition (e.g., ISO 37120); transversal consistency analysis that evaluates if city indicators published by two different cities are consistent with each other; and longitudinal consistency analysis that evaluates if an indicator published by a city is consistent over different time intervals. City indicator consistency analysis enable the possibility of consistently measuring and comparing performances of cities. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Mark S. Fox for the constant support and guidance throughout this research and during the preparation of this thesis. His knowledge and patience steered me in the right direction whenever I needed guidance. I would also like to thank Dr. Daniela Rosu for her valuable comments. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Zhifeng Wang and Hong Zheng, and my wife, Huangyuan Wu for their support and encouragement. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii List of Definitions .......................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xi List of Appendices ....................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Summary of Contribution ....................................................................................................4 1.2 Overview of Dissertation .....................................................................................................4 Chapter 2 Background .....................................................................................................................5 Background .................................................................................................................................5 2.1 City Indicators ......................................................................................................................5 2.1.1 ISO 37120 Standards ...............................................................................................5 2.1.2 City Anatomy ...........................................................................................................6 2.1.3 The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) .............7 2.1.4 IBM Smart Cities Initiative ......................................................................................8 2.2 City Indicator Ontologies .....................................................................................................9 2.2.1 PolisGnosis Project ..................................................................................................9 2.2.2 Global City Indicator Ontologies ...........................................................................11 2.2.3 Architecture of the PolisGnosis GCI Ontologies ...................................................24 2.2.4 IBM’s Scribe Ontology ..........................................................................................27 2.2.5 PAS 182 Smart City Concept Model .....................................................................28 2.2.6 City Anatomy Ontology .........................................................................................29 2.3 Consistency ........................................................................................................................31 iv 2.3.1 Database Consistency ............................................................................................32 2.3.2 Ontology Consistency ............................................................................................32 2.3.3 ConsVISor..............................................................................................................33 2.3.4 SimpleConsist ........................................................................................................35 2.3.5 Semantic Law Checker with Vehicle Ontology .....................................................36 2.3.6 Protégé OWL Reasoner .........................................................................................37 2.3.7 Information Consistency ........................................................................................39 2.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................43 Chapter 3 Definitional Consistency Analysis ................................................................................46 Definitional Consistency Analysis ............................................................................................46 3.1 Type Inconsistency ............................................................................................................50 3.1.1 TC1. Class Type inconsistency ..............................................................................50 3.1.2 TC2. Instance Type Inconsistency .........................................................................52 3.1.3 TC3. Property Inconsistency ..................................................................................53 3.2 Temporal Inconsistency .....................................................................................................56 3.2.1 T1. Non-Overlap Interval Inconsistency ................................................................57 3.2.2 T2. Interval Equality Inconsistency .......................................................................59 3.2.3 T3. Subinterval Inconsistency ................................................................................61 3.2.4 T4. Temporal Granularity Inconsistency ...............................................................64 3.3 Place Inconsistency ............................................................................................................68 3.3.1 G1. Place Equality Inconsistency ..........................................................................69 3.3.2 G2. SubPlace Inconsistency ...................................................................................70 3.3.3 G3. Dynamic Place inconsistency ..........................................................................71 3.3.4 G4. Dynamic Place Temporal Inconsistency .........................................................73 3.4 Measurement Inconsistency ...............................................................................................74 3.4.1 M1. Quantity Measure Inconsistency ....................................................................75 v 3.4.2 M2. Indicator Unit Component Inconsistency .......................................................77 3.4.3 M3. Singular Unit Inconsistency ...........................................................................78 3.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................80 Chapter 4 Transversal and Longitudinal Consistency ...................................................................84 Transversal and Longitudinal Consistency ...............................................................................84 4.1 Transversal Consistency Analysis .....................................................................................84 4.1.1 Trans_TC. Transversal Type Inconsistency ..........................................................88 4.1.2 Trans_TI. Transversal Temporal Inconsistency ....................................................90 4.1.3 Trans_PI. Transversal Place Inconsistency ............................................................92 4.1.4 Transversal Measurement Inconsistency ...............................................................96