European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI) P.O.Box 444 FIN-00531 Helsinki Finland Publication Series No. 62 Minna Viuhko and Anniina Jokinen HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND ORGANISED CRIME Trafficking for sexual exploitation and organised procuring in Finland Helsinki 2009 Copies can be purchased from: Academic Bookstore Criminal Justice Press P.O. Box 128 P.O.Box 249, Monsey, NY 10952 FIN-00101 Helsinki USA Finland Website: http://www.akateeminen.com Website: http://www.criminaljusticepress.com ISBN 978-952-5333-76-3 ISSN 1237-4741 Printed by Hakapaino Oy, Helsinki, Finland CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................7 2. RELEVANT CONCEPTS AND LEGISLATION ............................................................. 9 2.1 TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS ....................................................................................... 9 2.2 HUMAN SMUGGLING........................................................................................................ 12 2.3 ORGANISED CRIME .......................................................................................................... 13 2.4 PROSTITUTION AND PROCURING ...................................................................................... 15 3. THE CURRENT SITUATION IN FINLAND.................................................................. 19 3.1 SHORT HISTORY OF COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING ................................................... 19 3.2 TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS CASES........................................................................... 22 3.3 PROSTITUTION IN FINLAND ............................................................................................. 23 3.4 PROCURING IN FINLAND.................................................................................................. 25 3.5 ORGANISED CRIME IN FINLAND....................................................................................... 29 4. DATA AND METHODS .................................................................................................... 32 4.1 THE ANALYTICAL MODEL ................................................................................................ 32 4.2 THE DATA........................................................................................................................ 33 4.3 EXCERPTS FROM THE DATA ............................................................................................. 40 THE RECRUITMENT PHASE............................................................................................. 44 5. RECRUITING THE WOMEN TO FINLAND ................................................................ 44 5.1 WHO ARE THE VICTIMS?.................................................................................................. 44 5.2 RECRUITING THE WOMEN: METHODS OF RECRUITMENT................................................... 48 5.3 THE QUESTION OF CONSENT AND USE OF DECEPTION IN THE RECRUITMENT PHASE ......... 50 5.4 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 53 THE TRANSPORT PHASE .................................................................................................. 54 6. TRANSPORTING THE WOMEN TO FINLAND .......................................................... 54 6.1 FINLAND AS A TRANSIT COUNTRY – .................................................................................... THE CASE OF THE GEORGIAN WOMEN AS AN EXAMPLE.................................................... 54 6.2 THE PROBLEM OF DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN HUMAN TRAFFICKING, .................................. ARRANGEMENT OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION AND TOURISM............................................... 56 6.3 TRAVELLING ROUTES TO FINLAND .................................................................................. 58 6.4 TRAVEL ARRANGEMENTS ................................................................................................ 59 6.5 THE ORGANISATION BEHIND THE TRANSPORT ................................................................. 62 6.6 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 63 THE PROCURING PHASE .................................................................................................. 64 7. CRIMINAL NETWORKS AND THEIR STRUCTURE ................................................ 65 7.1 THE ORGANISED CRIME CONTEXT.................................................................................... 65 7.2 CRIMINAL NETWORKS AND THEIR STRUCTURE ................................................................ 66 7.3 DURATION OF THE ACTIVITY AND THE PROFIT MADE....................................................... 71 7.4 OTHER ACTIVITIES........................................................................................................... 72 7.5 POLICE ACTIVITIES AND PRECAUTIONS TAKEN BY THE CRIMINALS.................................. 74 8. DIFFERENT ACTORS ENGAGED IN PROCURING...................................................77 8.1 CRIMINAL ACTORS ...........................................................................................................77 8.2 LEGAL AND SEMI-LEGAL ACTORS.....................................................................................82 8.3 AUTHORITY INVOLVEMENT AND CORRUPTION .................................................................85 9. SEX BUYERS ......................................................................................................................87 9.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEX BUYERS .................................................................................87 9.2 THE LAW ON SEX PURCHASES AND THE DEMAND FOR PROSTITUTION...............................89 9.3 RECENT CHANGES ............................................................................................................92 10. MARKETING AND TRADING PLACES......................................................................95 10.1 MARKETING...................................................................................................................95 10.2 TRADING PLACES...........................................................................................................97 10.3 PRICES OF THE SEXUAL SERVICES.................................................................................103 11. METHODS OF CONTROLLING THE WOMEN.......................................................106 11.1 FINANCIAL CONTROL ...................................................................................................106 11.2 LIMITS AND RULES .......................................................................................................109 11.3 VIOLENCE AND THREATS .............................................................................................111 11.4 SUMMARY OF THE PROCURING PHASE ..........................................................................114 12. VIEWS ON VICTIM SERVICES AND TRAFFICKING LEGISLATION ..............117 12.1 VICTIMS .......................................................................................................................117 12.2 VICTIM SERVICES .........................................................................................................119 12.3 TRAFFICKING LEGISLATION..........................................................................................123 13. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..............................................................................126 13.1 SUMMARY OF THE MAIN FINDINGS ...............................................................................127 13.2 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION...................................................................................131 DATA......................................................................................................................................135 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................137 APPENDIX.............................................................................................................................144 1. Introduction Research on human trafficking and organised crime is relatively rare in Finland. During the recent years human trafficking, procuring and prostitution have been studied i.a. in a legal perspective (Roth 2007a; 2007b; 2008), in relation to cross-border prostitution (Marttila 2004; 2005a; 2005b; 2006; 2008), and in the context of commercialisation of sex (Jyrkinen 2005). The problems of identifying the victims of human trafficking (Putkonen 2008) and trafficking in women and illegal immigration (Lehti and Aromaa 2003) have also been examined, as well as the effects of globalization on the sex industry in Finland (Penttinen 2004). In addition, Finnish sex-workers (Kontula 2008), prostitution in Northern Finland (Skaffari and Urponen 2004; Korhonen 2003), sex bars (Lähteenmaa and Näre 1994; Näre and Lähteenmaa 1995; Näre 1998), and sex buyers (Keeler & Jyrkinen 1999) have been the focus of recent research. Also organised pandering and prostitution in Finland was studied in the beginning of the 2000s (Leskinen 2003). Organised crime is scrutinised by Junninen (2006) and Bäckman (2006). However, the connection between human trafficking and organised crime has not been a central focus of any specific recent