The Trademark Reporter® (USPS 636-080) Copyright 2012, by the International Trademark Association All Rights Reserved Vol. 102 January–February, 2012 No. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS UNITED STATES ANNUAL REVIEW The Sixty-Fourth Year of Administration of the U.S. Trademark (Lanham) Act of 1946 Theodore H. Davis, Jr. , and John L. Welch Introduction .................................................................................. 1 Part I. Likelihood of Confusion ................................................. 6 A. Likelihood of Confusion Found ............................................... 6 B. Likelihood of Confusion Not Found ........................................ 15 Part II. Ex Parte Cases ............................................................... 18 A. United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ........ 18 1. Inherent Distinctiveness ................................................... 18 B. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ....................................... 20 1. Inherent Distinctiveness ................................................... 20 2. Acquired Distinctiveness .................................................. 21 3. Genericness ....................................................................... 23 4. Failure to Function ........................................................... 27 5. Consent of Living Person .................................................. 31 6. Primarily Merely a Surname ............................................ 33 7. Geographically Deceptive Misdescriptiveness ................. 34 8. Functionality ..................................................................... 36 This issue of THE TRADEMARK REPORTER® (TMR) should be cited as 102 TMR ___ (2012). 9. Consent to Register ............................................................ 38 10. Specimens of Use ................................................................ 39 Part III. Inter Partes Cases ............................................................ 41 A. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ........................................ 41 1. Fraud ................................................................................... 41 2. Dilution ............................................................................... 43 3. Lack of Bona Fide Intent .................................................... 46 4. Functionality ....................................................................... 48 5. Acquired Distinctiveness .................................................... 51 6. Priority of Use ..................................................................... 52 7. Lawful Use .......................................................................... 53 8. Assignability of Intent-to-Use Application ........................ 54 9. Effect of Third-Party Consent Agreement ......................... 55 10. Ownership of Pleaded Registration ................................... 56 11. Standing for Foreign Trademark Owner ........................... 56 12. Partial Cancellation or Disclaimer of a Generic Term ..... 58 13. Cancellation for Noncompliance with Regulatory Requirements ...................................................................... 60 14. Procedural Issues ................................................................ 61 a. Issues Tried by Implied Consent .................................. 61 b. Claim Preclusion ............................................................ 62 c. Issue Preclusion ............................................................. 65 d. Stay of Proceedings ........................................................ 66 e. Admissibility of Evidence .............................................. 68 (1) Hearsay Objections ................................................. 68 (2) Pre-Litigation Surveys ............................................ 68 (3) Testimony Based on Witness’s Experience ............ 69 (4) Testimony from Prior Proceedings ......................... 69 (5) Introducing Registrations into Evidence ............... 70 (6) No Probative Value for Non-English Documents .. 70 (7) Adequacy of Pre-Trial Disclosures ......................... 71 (8) Documents Not Produced During Discovery ......... 72 f. Pleading in Madrid Protocol Cases ............................... 72 (1) Completion of the ESTTA Form ............................. 72 (2) Amending a Notice of Opposition ........................... 73 g. Affirmative Defenses ..................................................... 74 h. TTAB Review of Procedural Errors .............................. 75 15. Motion Practice ................................................................... 76 a. Motion to Compel Discovery Responses ....................... 76 b. Motion to Exclude Witness ............................................ 77 c. Motion to Exclude Expert Witness’s Anticipated Testimony ....................................................................... 77 d. Motion to Amend First Use Dates ................................ 78 e. Motion for Involuntary Dismissal ................................. 78 Part IV. Trademark Infringement and Unfair Competition in the Courts of General Jurisdiction ................................................ 79 A. Establishing Protectable Trademark and Service Mark Rights ........................................................................................ 79 1. The Effect of Federal Trademark Registrations on the Mark Validity Inquiry ........................................................ 79 2. Proving Use in Commerce .................................................. 84 a. The Nature and Quantity of Use in Commerce Necessary to Establish Protectable Rights ................... 84 b. Prior Use Through Tacking ........................................... 87 c. Use-Based Geographic Rights ....................................... 88 3. Proving Distinctiveness ...................................................... 88 a. Distinctiveness of Word Marks ..................................... 88 (1) Generic Terms and Designations ........................... 88 (2) Descriptive Marks ................................................... 93 (3) Suggestive Marks .................................................... 97 (4) Arbitrary Marks ...................................................... 102 (5) Fanciful or Coined Marks ....................................... 103 b. Distinctiveness of Nontraditional Marks ..................... 103 c. Secondary Meaning Determinations ............................ 108 (1) Cases Finding Secondary Meaning ........................ 108 (2) Cases Declining to Find Secondary Meaning ........ 112 (3) Meaning to Be Determined .................................... 119 d. Survey Evidence of Distinctiveness .............................. 123 4. Proving Nonfunctionality ................................................... 125 a. Utilitarian Nonfunctionality ......................................... 125 b. Aesthetic Nonfunctionality ............................................ 130 B. Establishing Liability ............................................................... 134 1. Proving Actionable Use in Commerce by Defendants ...... 134 a. Cases Finding Use in Commerce by Defendants ......... 134 b. Cases Declining to Find Use in Commerce by Defendants ..................................................................... 136 c. Use in Commerce by Defendants to Be Determined .... 139 2. Likelihood of Confusion ...................................................... 139 a. Factors Considered ........................................................ 139 (1) The First Circuit ..................................................... 139 (2) The Second Circuit .................................................. 140 (3) The Third Circuit .................................................... 140 (4) The Fourth Circuit .................................................. 141 (5) The Fifth Circuit ..................................................... 141 (6) The Sixth Circuit .................................................... 141 (7) The Seventh Circuit ................................................ 142 (8) The Eighth Circuit .................................................. 142 (9) The Ninth Circuit .................................................... 143 (10) The Tenth Circuit ................................................... 143 (11) The Eleventh Circuit .............................................. 143 (12) The District of Columbia Circuit ............................ 144 b. Findings and Holdings .................................................. 144 (1) Likelihood of Confusion: Preliminary Relief ......... 144 (2) Likelihood of Confusion: As a Matter of Law ........ 152 (3) Likelihood of Confusion: After Trial ...................... 156 (4) Likelihood of Confusion to Be Determined ............ 159 (5) Unlikelihood of Confusion: Preliminary Relief ..... 167 (6) Unlikelihood of Confusion: As a Matter of Law .... 174 (7) Unlikelihood of Confusion: After Trial .................. 181 c. Exhaustion of Rights and Diverted Goods ................... 183 d. Survey Evidence of Actual or Likely Confusion ........... 183 e. Effect of Disclaimers ...................................................... 189 3. Counterfeiting Matters ....................................................... 189 4. Dilution ............................................................................... 191 a. Proving Mark Fame and Distinctiveness ..................... 191 b. Proving Actual or Likely Dilution ................................