Durham E-Theses Variation in Representation through Architectural Benefaction under Roman Rule: Five Cases from the Province of Asia c. 40 B.C. A.D. 68 TOMAS, JULIA,MARGARET How to cite: TOMAS, JULIA,MARGARET (2020) Variation in Representation through Architectural Benefaction under Roman Rule: Five Cases from the Province of Asia c. 40 B.C. A.D. 68, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/13518/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 1 Variation in Representation through Architectural Benefaction under Roman Rule: Five Cases from the Province of Asia c. 40 B.C. – A.D. 68. Abstract This thesis explores a new approach to understanding the influence that Rome had on its provinces through a study of architectural benefactors and their buildings. It moves away from the process-centric approach which has been prevalent in scholarship since the mid nineteenth century. Instead, it focuses on individual architectural benefactors, those who would have been directly affected by Roman rule, and how they construct and inscribe public monuments to represent the relationships between themselves, their home town and to the wider Roman world. This approach is more nuanced than earlier approaches, allowing for a more accurate picture of how provincial citizens responded to Roman rule and how they represented how Roman rule influenced their lives. The thesis examines the epigraphic and architectural evidence for two individual, two pairs, and four families of architectural benefactors, active in Aphrodisias, Ephesus and Miletus from c. 40 B.C. to c. A.D. 68. Where applicable, honorific texts and other literary evidence for the benefactor’s lives and works in their home towns and further afield were included. It has found that in a very small sample of architectural benefactors there was scope for variation in how they represented their relationship to Rome and their city. Such a variety of responses in very small geographical and chronological contexts suggests that across the span of the Roman empire homogeneity in responses to Roman rule did not exist and should not be searched for. Such findings have many implications for how scholars understand, and study, the influence of Rome on its provinces. It advocates a move away from models that aim to find a standardised process for examining the impact of Roman rule towards one that focuses more on how individuals and smaller groups of people were affected by, and responded to, Roman rule in the provinces. 2 Contents Variation in Representation through Architectural Benefaction under Roman Rule: Five Cases from the Province of Asia c. 40 B.C. – A.D. 68. ....................................... 1 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 1 List of Figures .............................................................................................................. 4 Acknowledgements. ..................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 10 1.1. Architectural Benefaction in the Context of Euergetism ............................ 11 1.2 Architectural Benefaction in the Context of Aphrodisias, Ephesus and Miletus ................................................................................................................................ 47 1.2.1 Aphrodisias ................................................................................................ 49 1.2.2. Ephesus ..................................................................................................... 52 1.2.3. Miletus ...................................................................................................... 53 1.3 Architectural Benefaction in the Context of Cultural Interactions under Rome ................................................................................................................................ 55 The Freedman in the Free City: The building projects of Gaius Iulius Zoilus at Aphrodisias ................................................................................................................ 60 2.1. Gaius Iulius Zoilus .......................................................................................... 60 2.2. The Temple of Aphrodite ............................................................................ 77 2.3. The Stage Building of the Theatre ............................................................... 89 2.4. The North Stoa of the North Agora ........................................................... 106 The Civium Constructing: Two Pairs of Architectural Benefactors in Augustan Ephesus .................................................................................................................... 112 3.1. Asia during the reign of Augustus ................................................................. 112 3.2. The Mazaeus and Mithridates Gate ............................................................... 116 3.3.1. The Overseeing of the Aqua Throessitica............................................... 157 3.3.2. The Marnas Aqueduct Bridge ................................................................. 161 3 Familial Representation through Architectural Benefaction in Post-Augustan Aphrodisias .............................................................................................................. 188 4.1. Post-Augustan Building at Aphrodisias. ....................................................... 188 4.2. Four Late Julio-Claudian Aphrodisian Families ........................................... 189 4.3. The ‘enclosed space south of the North Agora’ ............................................ 192 4.3.1 The “Portico of Tiberius.” ....................................................................... 192 4.3.2 The East Gate ........................................................................................... 197 4.3.3. The Gymnasium of Diogenes? ............................................................... 200 4.3.4 The South and West Stoas ....................................................................... 224 4.4. The Temple of Aphrodite .............................................................................. 229 4.5 The Sebasteion ................................................................................................... 245 4.5.1 The Propylon............................................................................................ 247 4.5.2 The North Portico .................................................................................... 254 4.5.3. The South Portico ................................................................................... 258 Cosmopolitan Capito: Architectural Benefaction by a Roman Official in Late Julio- Claudian Miletus ...................................................................................................... 274 5.1. Administration of the East under the Later Julio-Claudians ............................. 274 5.2. Capito’s Miletus ................................................................................................ 277 5.3. Gnaeus Vergilius Capito ................................................................................... 286 5.4. The Stage Building of the Theatre .................................................................... 303 5.5. The Baths of Capito .......................................................................................... 317 5.6: Capito as a benefactor. ...................................................................................... 327 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 330 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 341 4 List of Figures Figure 1: City Plan of Aphrodisias. (Adapted after Aphrodisias Excavations, Oxford University. Last Accessed 6/1/2020) ......................................................................... 61 Figure 2: Sketch of the most complete panel of the Zoilus frieze. (Smith 1993, 16).68 Figure 3: Plan of the surviving panels of the Zoilus frieze in proposed relation to each other. (Smith 1993, 19) .............................................................................................. 70 Figure 4: Sketches of the surviving remains of Roma (left) and a reconstruction of Roma (right) from the Zoilus frieze (Smith 1993, 43). .............................................. 72 Figure 5: Sketches of the surviving remains of Aion and a reconstruction of Aion and of a reconstruction of Mneme all from the Zoilus frieze (Smith 1993,