Japan International Cooperation Agency National Coordination Team of South-South Cooperation Republic of Indonesia A Comparative Study on The Management of South-South Cooperation in Indonesia, Brazil, Thailand and Japan Cases Final Report March, 2012 INO JR Japan International Cooperation Agency 12-012 Contents Executive Summary Researchers and Site Survey Members Photos Abbreviations and Acronyms Part I Findings from a Comparative Study on South-South Cooperation Management .............................. 1 1. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................... 2 2. BASIC DATA OF CASE STUDY COUNTRIES ............................................................................................... 2 3. FINDINGS FROM THE COMPARATIVE STUDY ........................................................................................ 3 (1) GOVERNMENT LEADERSHIPS IN FORMULATION OF COOPERATION VISION ................................... 3 (2) WHY PROVIDING SSC? ............................................................................................................... 4 (3) DOMESTIC DEVELOPMENT AND SSC ........................................................................................... 5 (4) TCDC AND ECDC IN TANDEM ..................................................................................................... 6 (5) IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................... 9 (6) HUMAN RESOURCES ................................................................................................................. 17 (7) PRIVATE SECTORS‟ INVOLVEMENT ............................................................................................. 19 (8) JOINT PROJECT......................................................................................................................... 20 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS ................................................................................................................... 21 (1) DEFINING “WHAT SSC IS” SHOULD BE ROOTED IN INDONESIAN SOCIETY .................................. 21 (2) SSC VISIONS IN RELATION TO DOMESTIC DEVELOPMENT. ......................................................... 21 (3) MIND-SET FROM A RECIPIENT TO A PROVIDER ........................................................................... 22 (4) ENCOURAGE SSC BOTH TCDC AND ECDC IN A PRACTICAL AND SUSTAINABLE MANNER ......... 23 Part 2 Case studies ................................................................................................................................ 24 I. A Case of Brazil................................................................................................................................... 25 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF BRAZILIAN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION .............................. 26 2. OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF BRAZILIAN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION ........... 27 3. STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................... 28 4. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................................................... 29 5. MEDIUM TO LONG TERM POLICY AND STRATEGY ............................................................................... 30 6. TYPES AND MODALITIES OF BRAZILIAN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION ..................... 30 7. IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM .......................................................................................................... 32 8. FINDINGS FROM THE FIELD STUDY .................................................................................................... 34 (1) IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ................................................................. 34 (2) STRONG AND WEAK POINTS OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION RELYING ON PUBLIC SECTORS .. 34 (3) RECORD KEEPING ..................................................................................................................... 35 (4) INVOLVEMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND PRIVATE SECTORS IN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ...... 35 (5) PRINCIPLE AND INVISIBLE EXPECTATION OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION ..... 36 (6) INCENTIVES FOR BRAZIL TO PARTICIPATE IN TRIANGULAR COOPERATION ................................. 37 (7) REASONS WHY BRAZIL HAS OBTAINED GOOD REPUTATION AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ... 38 (8) OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ABC AND THE COORDINATION ............................................ 39 II. A Case of Japan ..................................................................................................................................... 40 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF JAPAN‟S ODA ................................................................................................. 41 2. OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF JAPAN‟S ODA ................................................................................. 43 3. STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................... 45 4. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................................................... 45 5. MEDIUM TO LONG TERM POLICY AND STRATEGY ............................................................................... 46 6. TYPES AND MODALITIES OF JAPAN‟S ODA ....................................................................................... 46 (1) CONCEPT OF JAPAN‟S ODA ...................................................................................................... 46 (2) MODALITIES OF ODA ................................................................................................................ 47 (3) SOURCES AND EXPENDITURES OF ODA BUDGET ..................................................................... 52 7. IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM .......................................................................................................... 54 8. FINDINGS FROM THE FIELD STUDY .................................................................................................... 59 (1) PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ............................................................................................... 59 (2) INVOLVEMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION .......................................... 61 (3) OPERATION, MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION OF ODA RELATED ORGANIZATIONS ................ 61 (4) ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH TRAINING COURSES ......................................................................... 62 III. A Case of Thailand ................................................................................................................................ 63 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THAILAND‟SODA ............................................................................................. 64 2. OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF THAILAND‟S ODA ......................................................................... 65 3. STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................... 67 4. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................................................... 69 5. MEDIUM TO LONG TERM POLICY AND STRATEGY ............................................................................... 70 6. TYPES AND MODALITIES OF THAI‟S ODA .......................................................................................... 70 7. IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM .......................................................................................................... 72 8. FINDINGS FROM THE LITERATURE SURVEYS ..................................................................................... 74 (1) COORDINATION AMONG RELATED ORGANIZATIONS .................................................................... 74 (2) HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................... 74 (3) SSC BASED ON DOMESTIC DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................ 75 (4) RECORD KEEPING ..................................................................................................................... 75 IV. A Case of Indonesia .............................................................................................................................. 76 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDONESIAN SOUTH-SOUTH COOPERATION SSC ........................................... 77 2. OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF INDONESIAN SSC ........................................................................ 77 3. STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................... 78 4. LEGAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................................................... 79 5. MEDIUM TO LONG TERM POLICY AND STRATEGY ............................................................................... 80 6. TYPES AND MODALITIES OF INDONESIAN SSC ................................................................................. 80 7. IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISM .......................................................................................................... 80 8. FINDINGS FROM THE FIELD STUDY ...................................................................................................