Physics & Astronomy International Journal Commentary Open Access A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons Abstract Volume 2 Issue 4 - 2018 The paper brings supplementary arguments regarding the possibility of cold particles * −+ Marius Arghirescu forming as collapsed cold clusters of gammons–considered as pairs: γ = ee ( ) Patents Department, State Office for Inventions and Trademarks, of axially coupled electrons with opposed charges. It is argued physico–mathematically Romania that the particles cold forming from chiral quantum vacuum fluctuations is possible at TK→ 0 , either by a vortexial, magnetic–like field or by already formed gammons, in a Correspondence: Marius Arghirescu, Patents Department, “step–by–step” process, by two possible mechanisms: a)–by clusterizing, with the forming State Office for Inventions and Trademarks, Romania, Tel +4074 00 5795 507, Email [email protected] 0 = = of preons zm= 34 e , and of basic bosons: zp 7 zz ; 2 4 z, with hexagonal symmetry and thereafter–of cold quarks and pseudo–quarks, by a mechanism with a first Received: June 11, 2018 | Published: July 05, 2018 * *0± step of z//( qq) –pre–cluster forming by magnetic interaction and a second step ± 0 of zqq//( ) –collapsed cluster forming , with the aid of magnetic confinement, and b)–by pearlitizing, by the transforming of a bigger Bose–Einstein condensate into smaller gammonic pre–clusters which may become particle–like collapsed BEC. Keywords: cold genesis, bose–einstein condensate, quasi–crystal quark, dark energy, quantum vortex Commentary 0−r /*η 1 2 Vr( ) ==⋅=⋅υρ P V e; Pr( ) / (r) c (1) In a previous paper1 were presented briefly some basic particle n in n n ( 2 ) n models resulted from a cold genesis theory of matter and fields2–5 By an electron model with radius: a = 1.41fm and with of the author, (CGT), regarding the cold forming process of cosmic exponential variation of the quantum volume density and of the 0/−r η elementary particles, formed–according to the theory, as collapsed magnetic field quanta: ρρrr≈= ρ· e;η ≈ 0.96 fm ; * −+ µ ( ) ee( ) cold clusters of gammons–considered as pairs: γ = ee of axially 0 14 3 ( ) ρ = 2.22x 10 kg / m . coupled electrons with opposed charges, which gives a preonic, quasi– e crystalline internal structure of cold formed quarks with hexagonal In the base of some neo–classic (pre–quantum) relations of the 2–5 5 0 electric and magnetic fields: symmetry, based on zm≈ 34 e preon–experimentally evidenced in 6 2 2 Krasznahorkay et al., but considered as X–boson of a fifth force, of 2 1 ∆ p 4rπ ⋅ q (r) = ⋅ρ (r) ⋅=v ⋅c ; q = ; leptons–to quark binding, and on two cold formed bosonic ‘zerons’ : Eks 11e cs k 0 0 2∆ t k =4 = 136 = 7 = 238 1 zz2 me ; and zzπ me , formed as clusters of 22 (2) degenerate electrons with degenerate mass and magnetic moment and 4π ⋅ am−10 * B =⋅⋅=kρ (r) v ; ( k =1.56 x10 ; v≈ c ) with degenerate charge ee= 2 , (characteristic to the up–quark– 1µ c1 c ( 3 ) eC in the quantum mechanics). In two relative recent papers,7,8 were brought arguments for two possible According to this theory,2–5 based on the Galilean relativity, the magnetic field is generated by an etherono–quantonic mechanism of cold particles forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein Γ =Γ +Γ condensate (BEC) without destruction: vortex M A µ of s–etherons (sinergons–with mass −60 m≈ 10 kg ) giving the magnetic potential A by an impulse a) by clusterizing and cold collapsing without destruction, from s a gammonic quasi–crystallin pre–cluster Nz,7 or b) by pearlitizing, =()ρ ⋅ 8 density: prss( ) cr and of quantons (h–quanta, with mass: by the fragmenting of a bigger BEC. The particles cold forming 2 −51 by clusterizing may results–according to CGT, in a “step–by–step” mh =⋅≈ h1 / c 7.37 x 10 kg , formed as compact cluster of process,7 supposing: sinergons) giving the magnetic moment and the magnetic induction 0* 0 a1) zz/ pre–cluster/cluster forming, with the aid of magnetic B by an impulse density: pr= ()ρ v , the nuclear field resulting c( ) ccr confinement, with a metastable equilibrium interdistance between from the attraction of the quantum impenetrable volume υ of a nucleon i gammons with antiparallel magnetic moments: d= a = 1.41 fm in the total field generatedaccording to fields superposition principle, e * (Figure 1); n by the N superposed vortices Γµ (r) of component degenerate * * a2) zz/ and zz/ are pre–cluster/cluster forming; electrons of another nucleon, having an exponential variation of 22 ππ ± 0 quanta impulse density, the nuclear potential resulting in the form: a3) ()qq/ –quark or neutral pseudo–quark pre–cluster/cluster forming; Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Phys Astron Int J. 2018;2(4):260‒267. 260 ©2018 Arghirescu. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons ©2018 Arghirescu 261 a4) pre–cluster of quarks or pseudo–quarks forming; a5) elementary particle/dark boson forming, or directly: a1’) quark pre–cluster forming (Figure 2) (Figure 3)→collapsed quark cluster forming; a2’) elementary particle/dark boson forming (cluster of quarks with the current mass in the same baryonic impenetrable quantum volume, υI–Table 1).The particles cold forming by pearlitizing supposes: b1) the forming of a bigger BEC of gammons, with the 3 44 concentration of particles: Na≈=1 / 3.57 x 10 , (a=1.41 fm), in * 0 Figure 2 The m1–and r –quark pre–cluster forming. 67 a strong gravitational or magnetic field: Bγ =(2.2 x 10 ÷ 8.3 xT 10 ) −−11 10 , at temperatures TT==÷<pB(4.8 x 10 1 .8 x10 ) KT, i.e.– Much lower than the transition temperature TB –corresponding to a very low (neglijible) fraction N0/N; (N(TB )–the initial concentration 24 of particles, (for example, for N ≈ 10 , TBE(B=0)=1464K), the length along the Bγ –field, of a gammonic BEC with the concentration −7 8 N0 formed at T=Tp resulting of value: L≈ 2.5 xm 10 ; b2) The pearlitizing of the resulted BEC by large temperature oscillation around the transition valueTB . The necessity of temperature oscillation around the transition valueT for the BEC’s B Figure 3 The cold forming of baryonic quarks. pearlitization results as consequence of the residual (reciprocal) magnetic interactions between gammons, which gives a superficial In which de is the inter–distance between adjacent gammons and lγ tensionσ . is the length of a gammon. It is necessary in consequence–for estimate the value r , to estimate the value of gammon’s length and magnetic For example, considering a radius r of meta–stable equilibrium of p p moment µ . a drop of BEC formed by the BEC’s pearlitization and maintained by γ the equilibrium between the force generated by the internal vibration It was argued in CGT,7 that is not logical to consider at an inter– (thermal) energy F r = V ⋅ NkTand the force generated by the t( p) 0 Bi distance d< r= h/ 2π m c= 386 fm , a value of the electron’s surface tension σ : ieλ magnetic moment radius: , higher than the inter–distance d , dE dV dS 4π 32 di i =−+==Prσπ0 ; V ; S =⋅ 4 r ; (3) −9 3 0 r≈ 5.5 xm 10 TK≈ 10 rT~1/ dr dr dr 3 resulting a value: p for B with p i , by 8 the use of equation (2) and with rdµ ≈ i . If we use the expression (2) of the B–field, because the magnetic moment radius rµ , represents in the etheronic, quantum–vortexial model of magnetic moment, the radius until which the B–field −+ < − quanta have the light speed c, and because–for dri λ , for (ee) interaction is maintained the relation:B = E/c, we may re–write this relation in the form: E(d) e µ e⋅ rcµ () ≈ = =0 , a << d r ; ⇒r ≈ Bd 23λµd (5) c 4πε0dc 22 π ⋅ d Figure 1 The z0*–pre–cluster forming. Resulting in consequence, the expression of the electron’s magnetic moment at inter–distances dr≤ . The reciprocal equilibrium σ = ½ /1 i λ Because ( )Fλ , (the force rectangular on unit length), position of gammonic electrons, in the particular case of a semi–hard * −+ 3 44 for: Na≈ 1 /= 3.57 x 10 , (a=1.41fm–the metastable equilibrium gamma quantum considered–in CGT, as gammonic pair: γ = (ee ) 0 , may be estimated by equation (5), imposing a correspondence with −+ inter–distance between gammons),8 the equilibrium radius is: the conclusion of quantum mechanics regarding the ( ee ) pair 2 production, which indicates as minimal energy value of an external 21σ F Fγγµ µ electric or magnetic field which may convert the gamma quantum rm= = ≈ ≈∇0 [] 2 p 3 (4) into stable electrons, the value: Eγ = 2 mce . In CGT, based on the P00 l⋅⋅ P lγ P 02Nπ deB ⋅ lγ 0 kT classical mechanics and relativity, this value E has the sense of the i γ energy necessary to ‘split’ the gamma quantum into the component electrons with opposed charges: Citation: Arghirescu M. A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons. Phys Astron Int J. 2018;2(4):260‒267. DOI: 10.15406/paij.2018.02.00096 Copyright: A model of particles cold forming as collapsed Bose–Einstein condensate of gammons ©2018 Arghirescu 262 * 2 2 *2 *2 *2 da≈⇒≈ , e/ e; 2 eeeee ( 3 ) b.