Security and Loss Prevention Security and Loss Prevention An Introduction Fourth Edition Philip P. Purpura, CPP An imprint of Elsevier Science Boston Oxford Auckland Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi Butterworth–Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Science. Copyright © 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier Science prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Purpura, Philip P. Security and loss prevention : an introduction / Philip P. Purpura.—4th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7506-7437-7 (alk. paper) 1. Private security services. 2. Burglary protection. 3. Employee theft—Prevention. 4. Fire prevention. 5. Shoplifting— Prevention. 6. Security systems. I. Title. HV8290.P87 2002 658.4'73—dc21 2001058969 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book. For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Elsevier Science 225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn, MA 01801-2041 Tel: 781-904-2500 Fax: 781-904-2620 For information on all Butterworth–Heinemann books available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.bh.com 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America This edition is dedicated to the United States and its allies, to the victims of terrorism, and to the millions of military, public safety, and security professionals who strive to create a safe and secure world. About the Author ............................ xvii Preface ............................................. xix Acknowledgments .......................... xxiii Part I INTRODUCTION TO SECURITY AND LOSS PREVENTION................................... 1 The History of Security and Loss Prevention: A Critical Perspective ................................... 3 OBJECTIVES................................... 3 WHY CRITICAL THINKING? ........... 3 HOW CAN WE THINK CRITICALLY? .................................. 4 WHY THINK CRITICALLY ABOUT THE HISTORY OF SECURITY AND LOSS PREVENTION?................................ 5 SECURITY AND LOSS PREVENTION DEFINED................. 6 HISTORY ......................................... 7 Why Study the History of Security and Loss Prevention?.... 7 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS................... 8 Ancient Greece............................ 9 Ancient Rome .............................. 10 The Middle Ages in Europe ......... 10 MORE CONTEMPORARY TIMES .. 11 England ....................................... 11 Early America .............................. 13 The Growth of Policing ................ 13 The History of Loss Prevention in a Nutshell................................. 13 The Growth of Security Companies .................................. 14 Railroads and Labor Unions........ 17 The Great Wars........................... 18 The Third Wave........................... 18 IT and Physical Security .............. 19 Twenty-First Century Security Challenges .................................. 20 Search the Web........................... 21 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 21 NOTES............................................. 21 The Business and Careers of Security and Loss Prevention ....... 23 OBJECTIVES................................... 23 WHAT IS THE EXTENT OF LOSSES?......................................... 23 Why Emphasize Both Direct and Indirect Losses? ................... 25 THE SECURITY INDUSTRY ........... 25 What Is the Picture Today? ......... 25 Contract versus Proprietary Security Officers .......................... 27 CAREERS: LOSS PREVENTION SERVICES AND SPECIALISTS ...... 28 Career: Manufacturing Security... 31 The Basic Differences Between Public Police and Private Security ....................................... 31 THE LIMITATIONS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: ....... 32 IMPLICATIONS FOR LOSS PREVENTION PRACTITIONERS ... 32 CHALLENGES OF THE SECURITY INDUSTRY ................... 32 Cooperation Between Public Police and Private Security ......... 34 Regulation of the Industry ........... 34 The Issue of Privatization ............ 35 The Need for Training ................. 36 Ethics........................................... 37 The False Alarm Problem............ 38 Search the Web........................... 39 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 39 NOTES............................................. 41 Part II REDUCING THE PROBLEM OF LOSS....................... 43 Foundations of Security and Loss Prevention ............................ 45 OBJECTIVES................................... 45 THE SECURITY AND LOSS PREVENTION PROFESSION ......... 45 Theoretical Foundations .............. 45 Security Periodicals and the Web ............................................. 46 Security Associations .................. 47 METHODS FOR PROTECTION PROGRAMS .................................... 48 Risk Analysis ............................... 48 Planning ...................................... 50 Incomplete Protection Plans........ 53 Critical Thinking for Security Planning ...................................... 56 Maxims of Security ...................... 56 Three Models of Security ............ 56 EVALUATION OF LOSS PREVENTION PROGRAMS............ 57 Research ..................................... 58 Performance Measures ............... 59 STANDARDS................................... 60 PROPRIETARY SECURITY ............ 62 Basics of Organization: The Vocabulary .................................. 62 Basics of Organization: The Practical Management Tools....... 63 What Are the Duties of a Security Manager? ...................... 65 Search the Web........................... 66 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 66 NOTES............................................. 66 Law ............................................... 69 OBJECTIVES................................... 69 ORIGINS OF LAW ........................... 69 Legal Quiz ................................... 70 Cyberlaw ..................................... 71 TORT LAW ...................................... 72 PREMISES PROTECTION AND NEGLIGENCE ................................. 73 Match the Tort ............................. 73 Employee Privacy........................ 75 You Be the Judge........................ 76 CONTRACT LAW ............................ 77 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW .................. 78 Compliance Auditing ................... 78 Federal Sentencing Guidelines ... 79 CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCEDURE .................................. 80 A Comprehensive Environmental Compliance Program12................................... 80 How Much Power Is in the Hands of Private Security Officers? ...................................... 82 ARREST LAW.................................. 83 Force ........................................... 84 Searches ..................................... 84 Questioning ................................. 85 Call It "Inspection", Not "Search and Seizure" .................. 85 Career: Gaming/Wagering Security ....................................... 86 Search the Web........................... 87 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 87 THE DECISION FOR "YOU BE THE JUDGE" ................................... 88 NOTES............................................. 88 Internal and External Relations..... 91 OBJECTIVES................................... 91 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS..................................... 91 Benefits of Good Relations.......... 93 Marketing..................................... 94 International................................. 95 Perspective: Market Research to Improve Crime......................... 95 Prevention ................................... 95 INTERNAL RELATIONS.................. 96 Human Relations on the Job ....... 96 Management Support.................. 97 Orientation and Training Programs..................................... 97 Loss Prevention Meetings ........... 98 Intranet and E-Mail ...................... 98 Involvement Programs ................ 99 EXTERNAL RELATIONS................. 100 Law Enforcement ........................ 100 Public Service Agencies .............. 100 The Community ........................... 101 The Media ................................... 102 External Loss Prevention Peers ........................................... 103 SPECIAL PROBLEMS ..................... 103 Prosecution Decisions................. 104 Employees Smoking Marijuana ... 105 Loss Prevention Attire ................. 106 Career: Transportation Security .. 108 Search the Web........................... 108 CASE PROBLEMS .......................... 109 NOTES............................................. 110 Applicant Screening and Employee Socialization................. 113 OBJECTIVES................................... 113 EMPLOYMENT LAW ....................... 114 Federal Legislation ...................... 114 U.S. Supreme Court Decisions ... 115 EEO, AA, and Quotas ................. 116 You Be the Judge........................ 117 Facts of the Case ........................ 117 Exactly Who Prosecuted, and Exactly Who Knew about the ...... 117 EEOC Complaint? ....................... 117 Diversity....................................... 118 Sexual Harassment ....................