Reluctant Polygamist Joseph Smith Jr. Meg Stout Copyright © 2018 Meg Stout. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging in-Publication Data Stout, Meg Reluctant Polygamist : Joseph Smith Jr. By Meg Stout p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN: 1533386560 ISBN-13: 978-1533386564 1. Smith, Joseph, 1805-1844. 2. Mormons—United States—Biography. 3. Mormon women—Biography. I. Title. BX8643.P63 S76 2017 289.3’092—dc20 Seventh Edition, March 17, 2018 Dedication To my family, those I love, who teach me to yearn for those without whom heaven would not be perfect. iii iv About the Covers The front cover features an altered copy of the 1842 portrait of Joseph Smith, the founding prophet of Mormonism. The 1842 portrait, now owned by the Community of Christ, is apparently the only full face image created of Joseph Smith during his lifetime. Decades after Joseph’s death, copies of the portrait were produced by Herald Publishing House. Daguerreotypes were made from these copies. A daguerreotype of one painted copy is now in the possession of the Library of Congress. This copy is often mischaracterized as a photo of Joseph. Joseph reportedly did not feel the painting was an accurate likeness. Modern comparison of the painting with Joseph’s death mask and skull shows that the portrait departed significantly from the bone structure of Joseph’s face. Profile portraits painted by Sutcliffe Maudsley show Joseph to have been a dignified but portly individual. Maudsley’s profiles happen to correspond closely with the profile of the death mask. I was given an image of a painted copy that had been cherished since the late 1800s. The painting shows signs of wear, and the chin and nose were rather petite. But the face was more kindly than the original painting. For the cover, I modified the digital copy to better match the dimensions of the death mask and skull. I also took the liberty of reflecting that Joseph was a healthy eater, as seen in the Sutcliffe Maudsley profiles. The back cover features a detail from Martyrdom of Joseph and Hiram Smith in Carthage jail, June 27th, 1844, painted by G.W. Fasel; lithograph by Charles G. Crehen; print by Nagel & Weingaertner, N.Y., c1851. The digital copy was obtained from the Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog, reproduction number LC-DIG-pga-02259. The Fasel painting attempted to depict the craven fiend mentioned in Lyman O. Littlefield’s corruption of William Daniels’s account of the killing of Joseph Smith. v vi Advance Praise for Reluctant Polygamist For an unexpected look at the secrets lurking around Nauvoo in the days of Joseph Smith, I highly recommend the Reluctant Polygamist as a very good place to start. Meg Stout has provided us the opportunity to see Joseph in a new light. — Gerald A. Smith, historian, blogger Praise for Meg Stout’s Faithful Joseph series at millennialstar.org, Dec ‘13 – Aug ‘14 [Meg Stout] surprised me when she mentioned that her studies had suggested to her the possibility that Joseph Smith rarely consummated his plural marriages — with even a chance that maybe he consummated none of them. Now of course this view easily falls into the ‘too good to be true’ category, so I politely asked her a few more questions out of curiosity but also to gently challenge her. She promptly proceeded to bury me. As I stood gasping for air and trying to spit factoids out of my teeth, I realized that this wasn’t just someone that was naively choosing to see what she wanted to see by ignoring all inconvenient facts. Meg was clearly someone that had done her homework and knew what she was talking about. — Bruce Nielson, Dec 16, 2013 Meg deserves more praise than could ever be given for her faithful Joseph series… Her inclusion of John C. Bennett's participation in the history of Nauvoo was one of the most original yet seemingly obvious and logical aspects of her series… How other scholars glossed over this despite the overwhelming evidence presented by Meg is likely one of the tragedies of how the traditional narratives have been developed. — Jess W. Thank you! Your posts continue to provide an astounding amount of information. — John S. Meg, thank you for some basic common sense on this... — Geoff B. A tad more complicated than the 'history" we usually hear about, but very informative and useful. — John H. vii Thank you Meg Stout for putting together such an interesting, plausible, and faithful reconstruction of events! — Tom D I stayed up all night reading your faithful Joseph posts… really great stuff. I don't know how to say this. It's like watching Ancient Aliens on the history channel or a 9/11 conspiracy documentary, but not silly. — Sam C. I have personally found [Meg’s] narrative to be the *only* one that actually makes any kind of sense from a faithful perspective, tying up all sorts of loose ends. — Jeff C. Your ability to gather facts and interpret them in a way that feels genuine to who I believe Joseph (and the others mentioned) to really be is invaluable. So. Invaluable. This feels more complete than other pieces I've found; more transparent, and, as mentioned, I think does a better job filling in the information gaps with guesswork that is both natural and intuitive. — Mickelle Just finished your series at Millennial Star and wanted to say how much I appreciate the mental effort that went into your thoughtful examination of LDS polygamy. I'm one of those who struggled for years with the cognitive dissonance of keeping a picture of the Joseph who had the first vision and translated the Book of Mormon alongside a picture of the Joseph who took 27 wives in my head… I will be one of the first in line to buy the book, which I believe will be a landmark in Mormon literature. — Michael K. Your series has opened my eyes to possibilities that I had never considered and which, in light of everything, make perfect sense. So count me among those who finds the study of this history as being full of secret honor and selfless sacrifice. I love that quote. So thank you and know how much I look forward to each post in this series. — Joey K. [Meg’s] analysis of the cultural setting in which polygamy was introduced and the details of the life of her polygamous ancestor add several new dimensions to our understanding of polygamy… — Jeff L. viii Contents 1 – Prelude to a Killing 1 2 – Why Would God Command Polygamy? 5 3 – Guns, Germs, and Sex 10 4 – The 1831 Revelation Regarding Plural Marriage 23 5 – Mormon Polygamy Prior to 1841 31 6 – Six Funerals and a Blessing 37 7 – A Doctor and His Beloved 45 8 – The Angel of the Lord 52 9 – Fall of the Doctor 57 10 – A Multitude of Sins 65 11 – They Could Have Told Many Things 83 12 – Hunt in the City Beautiful 88 13 – Arraigning the Band of Brothers 102 14 – Plural Wives of 1842 114 15 – Sangamo and Pratt 124 16 – The Apostles and Their Wives 133 17 – Eliza Roxcy Snow [Smith] 142 18 – Healing Wounded Hearts 163 19 – Emma’s Ultimatum 171 20 – Revealing the Revelation 181 ix 21 – Those Virtuous and Pure 193 22 – Daughter of Promise 204 23 – The Prodigal Returns 215 24 – Conferring the Mantle 221 25 – Carthage, 1844 227 26 – Collecting the Sorrowful 237 27 – For Eternity and Time 244 28 – Eradicating Spiritual Wifery 252 29 – Fifty Years in the Wilderness 264 30 – Days of Defiance 283 31 – God’s Strange Act: A Legacy 293 Appendix A – Conscientious History: A Guide 303 Appendix B – Small Arms Ballistics 305 Appendix C – Alleged Children of Joseph Smith 309 Appendix D – Timeline 311 Appendix E – The Peace of thy Children 323 Glossary 331 End Notes 335 Index 384 x Acknowledgments I owe a great debt to all who have documented Joseph Smith’s life, particularly those who were his contemporaries. Among modern polygamy researchers, I owe a particular debt to Todd Compton for his 1997 In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith, Brian Hales for his 2013 Joseph Smith’s Polygamy, and Ugo Perego, for his ongoing genetic research into the paternity of the children born to the women who covenanted with Joseph Smith. Andrew Ehat, George D. Smith, Gary Bergera, and Richard S. Van Wagoner have contributed greatly to knowledge of polygamists other than Joseph Smith. Don Bradley’s analysis of the Fanny Alger relationship is exceptional. Michael Quinn has done much to illuminate the existence of documents unavailable to geographically-disadvantaged researchers. I am indebted to recent biographers of key Nauvoo figures, including Andrew Smith for his The Saintly Scoundrel: The Life and Times of Dr. John Cook Bennett, Kyle Walker for his William B. Smith: In the Shadow of a Prophet, and the inimitable Richard Bushman for his Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling. I am indebted to Valeen Tippets Avery and Linda King Newell for their biography Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith and the extensive raw material in their research papers that did not make it to the final book. In thanking each of these, I am necessarily also indebted to each of the individuals who assisted them in their researches. Further, I am indebted to Susan Easton Black, Fred E. Woods, William G. Hartley, and others who documented Early LDS members, Mormon Migration, and Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel. I am particularly indebted to the many individuals who have made their ancestors’ stories public via Family Search and other ancestor- oriented websites.