2016 Adaptive Learning Systems WP1 This project was financed with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Contents 1. Preamble............................................................................................................................................ 3 Terms .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Inclusivity ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Constraints ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Sensory Deficits ............................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Visual Deficits .................................................................................................................................... 6 Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Refractive Error ............................................................................................................................................... 8 Uncorrectable Low Visual Acuity (Visual Impairment). .................................................................................. 9 Strabismus & Amblyopia .............................................................................................................................. 10 Colour Vision Deficiency ............................................................................................................................... 10 Nystagmus .................................................................................................................................................... 11 Saccade Initiation Failure ............................................................................................................................. 13 Cerebral Visual Impairment .......................................................................................................................... 14 Implications for Visual Displays .................................................................................................................... 16 3. Auditory Disabilities ......................................................................................................................... 16 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 16 General Hearing Loss and Consequences ..................................................................................................... 17 Measuring Hearing Loss ............................................................................................................................... 19 Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) ................................................................................................................ 20 Conductive hearing loss ................................................................................................................................ 20 Otitis media .................................................................................................................................................. 21 Auditory Neuropathy (Auditory Agnosia) ..................................................................................................... 21 Hyperacusis................................................................................................................................................... 22 Tinnitus ......................................................................................................................................................... 22 4. Language delay or deviation: ........................................................................................................... 22 Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 22 Congenital language disorders ..................................................................................................................... 23 Specific Language Impairments .................................................................................................................... 24 Children with multiple physical and sensorial (MDs) disabilities .................................................................. 24 Bilingual children and ‘normal’ language delay ........................................................................................... 25 5. Specific Learning Difficulties ............................................................................................................. 26 1 This project was financed with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Dyslexia ......................................................................................................................................................... 26 Phonological Approach ............................................................................................................................ 27 Programs that work (from http://www.dyslexia-reading-well.com/dyslexia-treatment.html): ............. 28 Auditory Aspects ...................................................................................................................................... 28 Visuo-Spatial Function ............................................................................................................................. 30 Dyspraxia ...................................................................................................................................................... 36 Effects ...................................................................................................................................................... 37 Diagnostic ................................................................................................................................................ 37 Interventions ........................................................................................................................................... 37 Bottom-up Approaches ........................................................................................................................... 38 Top-Down Approaches ............................................................................................................................ 38 Dyscalculia .................................................................................................................................................... 39 Neurobiology ........................................................................................................................................... 40 Genetic ..................................................................................................................................................... 40 Environmental ......................................................................................................................................... 40 Interventions ........................................................................................................................................... 41 Learning styles ......................................................................................................................................... 42 Maths anxiety .......................................................................................................................................... 42 Language impairment .............................................................................................................................. 43 Visuospatial impairment .......................................................................................................................... 43 Memory impairment ............................................................................................................................... 44 Dyscalculia guidance summary ................................................................................................................ 44 Benefits of digital technologies ............................................................................................................... 45 Examples of digital interventions which could be of help in dyscalculia ................................................. 46 6. References ....................................................................................................................................... 49 2 This project was financed with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. 1. Preamble Terms There is no agreed definition of learning problems encountered by children.