IMPACT OF FUNDING ON QUALITY EDUCATION IN AHMADU BELLO AND NASARAWA UNIVERSITIES, NIGERIA 2001-2009 BY TIJJANI ALIYU ADAMU DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIA. AUGUST 2015 IMPACT OF FUNDING ON QUALITY EDUCATION IN ABU AND NASARAWA UNIVERSITIES, NIGERIA 2001-2009. By TijjaniAliyu ADAMU Ph.D/ADMIN/07085/2006-2007 BEING A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AUGUST, 2015 ii DECLARATION I declare that the work in thisThesisentitled “Impact of Funding on Quality Education in ABU and Nasarawa Universities, Nigeria 2001-2009” has been carried out by me in the Department of Public Administration. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No part of this Thesis was previously presented for another degree or diploma at this or any other Institution. __________________ _____________________ _____________________ TijjaniAliyu ADAMU Signature Date iii CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this Thesisentitled IMPACT OF FUNDING ON QUALITY EDUCATION IN AHMADU BELLOAND NASARAWA UNIVERSITIES,NIGERIA 2001- 2009 by TIJJANI,ALIYU ADAMU meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) of theAhmadu Bello University, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. ___________________ ____________ Dr. HarunaYerima Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee ___________________ ____________ Dr. S.B.Abdulkarim Date Member, Supervisory Committee ___________________ ____________ Prof. SaniAbdullahi Date Member, Supervisory Committee ___________________ ____________ Prof. A. Z. Hassan Date Dean, School of Postgraduate iv DEDICATION This Thesis is dedicated to Almighty Allah and our beloved Prophet Mohammed (S.A.W). v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praises are due to Allah subhannahu-wata‟ala, Master and owner of the Day of Judgment who spared my life and equally guided and inspired me to successfully undergo this programme. My sincere appreciation goes to my able supervisors: Dr. Hamza A Yusuf, Dr. Suku B Andrew No amount of words can express my gratitude and appreciation. Your genuine and useful suggestions and observations have greatly influenced the standard and quality of the work. May Allah subhanahuwata‟ala reward all of you abundantly and accordingly. I also want to appreciate and express my gratitude to Prof.Ibrahim Abdulsalam, Dr. Ibrahim Adamu, Dr. Shehu salisu, Lawal Saleh for their kind concern and encouragement which greatly motivated me towards the completion of this work. My sincere appreciation goes to my only mentor Dr Tijjani Adamu Aliyu Who always encouraged me to complete the work. And also fought for me were necessary All I can say to you is more power to your knell. I‟m equally grateful to all my lecturers who have seriously imparted some of their knowledge which saw me up to this level. Notable among them are Prof.udo adejo, Prof. Ibrahim Abdulsalam, Prof.Bello Sabo,Prof A.A. Anyebe, and Dr.Haruna Yarima,Dr,Hamza A Yusuf, Dr.D.D Dalhat,Dr Ibrahim Adamu, to all of you I say a very big thank you.. I must appreciate Dr.All Staff of Kaduna state Universal Basic Education Board(Subeb) , for their kind assistance and support in releasing relevant information for the research. May Allah in His infinite mercy reward them with jannat fir-dausi. I am equally indebted to my research assistants Kachi Joseph, Haruna lawal for their help in the pursuit of this research work. Thank you and remain blessed for all the assistance rendered. vi Special appreciation and thanks go to my brother Alh. LawalUsman, former Director of Protocol, Kaduna State Government House for providing me with all the necessary assistance. I enjoyed his hospitality in terms of accommodation and financial support which were of prime importance to the successful completion of this research work. To all my childhood friends like, El-Umar Mohammed Lawal, Mohammed LawalTanko, Abubakar Bashir, ShafiuAlhassan, Nafi‟u Mohammed, Umar Hassan and others whose names did not appear due to space, I say thank you and may Allah bless all of you. Mr. Parker Maude and Mal. Urwatu of the Department of Public Administration Library had always been supportive by providing necessary materials needed which greatly contributed to the successful completion of this research.To all my brothers and sisters in Islam who prayed and wish me success generally, may Allah subhanakawata‟ala answer our prayers. Finally, I also want to use this opportunity to pray to my late parents; MalamAdamuAliyuDankande and Fatima Adamu. May Allah in His infinite mercy uplift their souls to jannatulfirdaus. I will remain forever grateful to Allah. May Allah continue to help, guide, and protect us with Iman to our last breath. I want to equally pray for my late daughter and son Fatima and Ahmad respectively, who all passed away at a tender age. May their souls be a gateway for us to Aljannah. vii ABSTRACT University education has continuously deteriorated since late 1980’s due to unprecedented system expansion and enrollment explosion which drastically reduced government ability to adequately fund the system. This dissertation investigated impact of funding on quality university education in two selected Nigeria universities: Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (A Federal University) andNasarawa State University, Keffi (A State university), covering the period between2001-2009. The research objectives includes determining funding pattern of the two Universities; to ascertain if funding has improved the quality of teaching, research and also to ascertain if funding has actually impacted on infrastructure in the two universities. Descriptive method employing survey device, questionnaire method augmented with interview and observation techniques were used to collect data from primary and secondary sources. Spearman’s correlation analysis and chi-square were used to test the four hypotheses which are as follows: “There is no significant shortfall between fund requirement and fund provided to the two universities; training and quality manpower does not depend on government funding; for the universities ability to establish and maintain infrastructure does not depend on funding position by government; and lastly, funding is not instrumental to universities capacity to mount academic programmes”. The study among other things found that there is a wide gap between funds requirement and funds provided to the two universities; and also the universities ability to train quality manpower is directly related to funding provisions by government. The study recommends that should adopt a proactive investment strategy to generate funds for financing university education instead of relying heavily on government grants. Universities should also institute a system of budgeting that is performance based which would yield optimal result to the universities. Also they should collaborate with private sector for joint funding and management of services. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page - - - - - - - - - - i Declaration - - - - - - - - - - ii Certification - - - - - - - - - - iii Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv Acknowledgment - - - - - - - - - v Abstract - - - - - - - - - - ix Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study - - - - - - - 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem - - - - - - 13 1.3 Research Questions - - - - - - - - 14 1.4 Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - 15 1.5 Statement of Hypotheses - - - - - - - 16 1.6 Significance of the Study - - - - - - - 16 1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study - - - - - - 18 1.8 Basic Assumptions of the Study - - - - - - 20 1.9 Definition of Concepts - - - - - - - 20 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 23 2.2 Literature Review - - - - - - - - 88 2.3 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - - 106 ix CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 93 3.2 Research Design - - - - - - - - 93 3.3 Population and SampleSize - - - - - - 94 3.4 Sampling Technique - - - - - - - - 96 3.5 Method of Data Collection - - - - - - - 97 3.6 Administration of Instruments - - - - - - 98 3.7 Method of Data Analysis- - - - - - - - 99 CHAPTER FOUR HISTORY, STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONAL PATTERN OF NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY SYSTEM 4. 1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 102 4.2 Historical Development of University Education in Nigeria - - 102 4.3 NUC and the University System - - - - - - 105 4.4 Funding of Nigerian Universities - - - - - - 107 4.5 Funding Modalities of Nigerian Universities - - - - - 110 4.6 Administrative Structure of the University system - - - - 116 CHAPTER FIVE DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 123 5.2 Data Presentation - - - - - - - - 123 5.3 Data Analysis - - - - - - - - - 155 5.4 Major Findings - - - - - - - - 160 x CHAPTER SIX SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 6.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 163 6.2 Summary - - - - - - - - - 163 6.3 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 166 6.4 Recommendations - - - - - - - - 168 Bibliography - - - - - - - - - 171 Appendix xi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study It is commonly presumed that formal schooling is one of several important contributors to the skills of an individual and to human capital. It is not the only factor asparents, individual abilities and friends undoubtedly contribute as