United States Department of A Bibliography for Quercus garryana Agriculture Forest Service and Other Geographically Associated Pacific Northwest Research Station and Botanically Related Oaks General Technical Report PNW-GTR-554 September 2002 Compilers Constance A. Harrington is a research forester and Melanie A. Kallas was a forester, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3625 93rd Ave. SW, Olympia, WA 98512-9193. E-mail address: [email protected]. Kallas currently is with the Washington Department of Natural Resources, Resource Protection, P.O. Box 47037, Olympia, WA 98504-7037. A Bibliography for Quercus garryana and Other Geographically Associated and Botanically Related Oaks Constance A. Harrington and Melanie A. Kallas Compilers U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Portland, Oregon General Technical Report PNW-GTR-554 September 2002 Abstract Harrington, Constance A.; Kallas, Melanie A., comps. 2002. A bibliography for Quercus garryana and other geographically associated and botanically related oaks. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-554. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 115 p. Interest in Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook., commonly known as Oregon white oak or Garry oak, has increased in recent years as scientists, resource managers, and the general public focus attention on a forest type in decline. To aid those interested in learning what has previously been reported on this species, we have compiled a comprehensive bibliography for Q. garryana. This bibliography includes articles published in scientific or technical journals, accepted theses and dissertations, published or widely distributed documents from federal and state organizations, published conference proceedings (as well as chapters from those proceedings), and books (including chapters or articles in edited books). The citations pertain primarily to Q. garryana. Some references pertaining to geographically associated oaks, Q. alba L. (an eastern species closely related to Q. garryana), and general information about the genus Quercus also are included. There are 488 citations that refer to Q. garryana, 191 that pertain to geographically associated oaks, 131 that pertain to Q. alba, and 27 general oak citations. A section entitled “Topics and Keywords” is included to facilitate searching the paper copy of the bibliography for topics of interest. This section lists the citations that pertain to each topic. Keywords are provided for each citation. This bibliography also is available as a portable document format (PDF) file and as an online searchable database. Keywords: Bibliography, Quercus garryana, Quercus alba, California oaks. Contents 1 Introduction 2 What Is Included 3 What Is Not Included 3 Bibliography Availability and Future Additions 4 Searching with Adobe Acrobat® Reader™ 4 Using Reference Web Poster® 4 Obtaining References 4 Getting Started 5 Topics and Keywords 5 Scientific and Common Names 6 Locations 6 California 6 Oregon 7 Washington 7 British Columbia 7 Species 7 Quercus alba 8 California and Southern Oregon Oaks 10 General Oak 10 Topics 10 Anatomy 10 Conservation, Restoration, and Biodiversity 10 Damaging Agents 11 Ecological Processes 12 Environmental Conditions 12 Flowering and Acorn Production 13 Genetics 13 Grasslands, Prairies, and Meadows 14 Growth and Yield 14 Historical Distribution and Analyses 15 Links to Other Information Sources 15 Management After Stand Establishment 16 Management and Use by Native Americans 16 Nonforestry Use of Oak Woodlands 16 Physiology 17 Plant Descriptions 17 Regeneration and Stand Establishment 18 Root System Characteristics 18 Site Characteristics 19 Tree and Stand Characteristics 19 Vegetation and Plant Communities 21 Wildlife Occurrence and Use 21 Wood Properties 21 Acknowledgments 22 Citations Introduction Interest in Quercus garryana, commonly known as Oregon white oak or Garry oak, has increased in recent years (fig. 1) as scientists, resource managers, and the general public focus attention on a forest type in decline. Quercus garryana has a lower maxi- mum height than its conifer associates, and in the absence of fire, conifers become established in oak stands and eventually shade the oaks out. The species was histori- cally maintained by both natural fires and prescribed fires set by Native Americans. Early European settlement resulted in displacement of Native Americans (and their historical burning activities), suppression of natural fires, and conversion of many oak woodlands and associated prairies into agricultural, and later, urban uses. In addition, some land- owners have chosen to convert oak woodlands to coniferous forests to maximize wood production. Recent interest in the species has been triggered, in part, by concerns over wildlife species associated with oak trees or stands (such as the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus), which is listed as a threatened species in the state of Washington); general issues of regional biodiversity; and increased recognition that without manage- ment intervention, oak cover within the region will continue to decline. We began studying Q. garryana in the late 1990s and, as a part of that project, devel- oped a database of references on the species. In our interactions with natural resource managers and researchers working with Q. garryana, we learned that others would benefit from our bibliography. Some might question the value in publishing a bibliography that would quickly become out of date when many people have access to electronic databases that can access scientific literature. We have found that many electronic databases, however, do not include older references, university theses or dissertations, or limited-distribution reports prepared by or for public agencies. Student theses do not appear in the large reference databases such as Forestry Abstracts or Agriculture On-Line; they can be located with online searches at many universities, but most university libraries and electronic databases only contain theses associated with their Figure 1—Dates of Quercus garryana publications. Note: All date ranges except the first and last represent a 10-year interval. 1 own degree programs. Most electronic searches are limited to the words in the title, keywords, or abstract of the reference. There are many other documents that contain useful information on a species but do not mention the species in the electronic search phrases, and thus, will not appear in the search results. We also discovered that exist- ing lists of references, including the published bibliography for California oaks (Griffin et al. 1987), the citations in the updated Silvics of North America (Burns and Honkala 1990), and reference lists developed by several natural resource professionals have little overlap in their citations. Thus, we decided to compile a fairly comprehensive bibli- ography for Q. garryana (and associated species—see discussion below) and make it available in both hardcopy and two types of electronic formats. This bibliography will facilitate literature searching by natural resource managers and researchers. What Is Included Our bibliography includes articles published in scientific or technical journals, accepted theses and dissertations, published or widely distributed documents from federal and state organizations, published conference proceedings (and chapters in those proceed- ings), and books (including chapters or articles from edited books). The most common citation is for journal articles; however, papers presented at conferences, workshops, or symposia, and technical reports also are well represented (fig. 2). The citations primarily pertain to Q. garryana. We have included some references pertaining to geographically associated oaks (oaks whose geographical range overlaps that of Q. garryana in south- ern Oregon and northern California); white oak (Q. alba); and general information on the genus Quercus. Citations pertaining to other western oaks are included because of the potential similarity in soils, climatic conditions, associated vegetation, damaging agents, and dispersal mechanisms. Some basic references on Q. alba are included because Figure 2—Types of Quercus garryana publications incorporated in this bibliography include chapters or articles in edited books, journal articles, conference proceedings and papers presented at conferences, books (including agriculture handbooks), technical reports, dissertations and theses, and pamphlets. 2 Q. alba and Q. garryana are closely related botanically (Daubenmire 1978). Therefore, information on Q. alba biology and response to management may be pertinent. We do not include Q. alba references that primarily relate to forest inventory, tree distribution, marketing, forest products, pollution or other damaging agents, or plant community descriptions. There are 488 citations that refer to Q. garryana, 191 citations pertaining to California and southern Oregon oaks, 131 citations pertaining to Q. alba, and 27 general Quercus citations. Many of the citations pertaining to California and southern Oregon oaks, as well as a few citations pertaining to Q. alba, also refer to Q. garryana. Our formal literature search ended December 31, 2000. Several publications beyond that date were brought to our attention and have been included. Approximately 8 percent of the references listed in this bibliography are available online, including standard references such as Silvics of North America (Burns and Honkala 1990), and