The Colonising Environment: AN AETIOLOGY OF THE TRAUMA OF SETTLER COLONISATION AND LAND ALIENATION ON NGĀI TAHU WHĀNAU MAY 10, 2017 JOHN REID MATTHEW ROUT TE MAIRE TAU CHERRYL SMITH ISBN: 978-0-473-40325-6 (Softcover) ISBN: 978-0-473-40326-3 (PDF) 2 This report has been produced by the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre Whenua Project, which is part of the larger He Kokonga Whare research programme funded by the Health Research Council of New Zealand (HRC ref: 11/793). The Whenua Project has been designed to explore the impacts of colonisation and land alienation on Ngāi Tahu Māori with the aim of finding culturally relevant solutions to effectively support Māori health and wellbeing. 3 4 Contents Glossary ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Trauma and Colonisation ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Conceptualising Trauma ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ....................................................................................................................... 11 Historical Trauma .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Understanding Trauma’s Causes and Effects ................................................................................................. 14 The Traumatising Environment ...................................................................................................................... 16 The Wider, Enduring and Cascading Traumatising Environment ............................................................ 16 Potential Limitations of the Traumatising Environment ............................................................................ 17 Settler Colonialism .................................................................................................................................................. 21 Structural Changes ............................................................................................................................................. 23 Psychosocial Challenges .................................................................................................................................... 26 The Changing Nature of the Colonising Environment ..................................................................................... 29 Chronology of New Zealand as a Settler State .................................................................................................... 30 Inundation – 1840-1890 ................................................................................................................................... 31 Isolation – 1890-1940 ........................................................................................................................................ 37 Integration – 1940-1980 ................................................................................................................................... 41 Invigoration – 1980-Present Day ..................................................................................................................... 45 Summary Analysis .................................................................................................................................................... 53 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................. 54 Results – Structural ................................................................................................................................................. 58 The Political and Legal Structures of Land Alienation ................................................................................ 59 Land Alienation as Resource Loss ................................................................................................................... 65 Material Poverty ................................................................................................................................................. 68 Disenfranchisement ........................................................................................................................................... 76 Assimilation Pressure ........................................................................................................................................ 79 Results – Psychosocial ............................................................................................................................................. 83 Racism .................................................................................................................................................................. 84 Alienation from Tūrangawaewae .................................................................................................................... 89 Alienation From and Degradation of Māori Cultural Identity ................................................................... 94 Negative Self-Concept .....................................................................................................................................110 5 Results – Whānau-Led Strategies for Addressing Trauma ..............................................................................116 Socio-Political Engagement to Address Political Disenfranchisement ...................................................117 Economic Resilience to Obtain Economic Security ...................................................................................120 Education with a Māoritanga Focus .............................................................................................................122 Reconnection or Strengthening the Connection with Whenua ..............................................................125 Greater Cultural Fluency .................................................................................................................................128 A Nuanced Counter-Narrative and Identity Fusion ...................................................................................133 An Understanding of the Increased Variation in Māoridom ....................................................................136 Installing the Mana of Being Māori ..............................................................................................................140 Discussion and Conclusions ................................................................................................................................142 The Tipping Point ............................................................................................................................................145 The Literature on PTSD and Historical Trauma ........................................................................................149 Concluding Thoughts ......................................................................................................................................150 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................153 6 Glossary Ahikā: continuous occupant. Māoritanga: Māori culture. Aroha: love, loving. Manākitanga: hospitality. Hapū: subtribe. Māra: garden. Hangi: food cooked in a pit oven. Marae: meeting house. Haora: well-being. Māta waka: not Ngāi Tahu. Hongi: Māori greeting. Mātauranga Māori: Māori knowledge. Hui: gathering. Mihi: personal introduction. Iwi: tribe. Moana: ocean. Kāinga: village. Mokopuna: grandchildren. Kai moana: sea food. Ngāi Tahu: Māori iwi from the South Island of Kaitiaki: guardian. New Zealand. Kapa haka: performing arts. Paepae: bench at front of the marae. Karakia: chant. Pākehā: European New Zealander Kaumātua: elder. Papatipu Rūnanga: regional Ngāi Tahu councils. Kaupapa Māori: Māori research methodology. Pono: truthful. Kawa: protocol. Powhiri: welcoming ceremony. Kia ora: hello. Puha: native vegetable. Kīngitanga: Māori king movement. Purakau: personal story-telling. Kōhanga Reo: early childhood care in a Māori Rakiura Māori: Māori with an ancestral right to cultural setting. harvest muttonbirds. Kotahitanga: unity movement. Rangatahi: youth. Kura Kaupapa: Māori language schools. Rangatira: chief. Mahinga kai: wild food gathering areas. Rangatiratanga: sovereignty. 7 Raruraru: argument and tension. Wairua: spirit. Rohe: territory. Wānanga: Māori educational institute. Runanga: traditional assembly, now used to refer to Whakapapa: genealogy. formal Māori councils. Whaikōrero: formal speech. Takiwā: tribal district. Whānau: family. Tamariki: youth. Whānaungatanga: a sense of belonging. Tangata whenua: Maori generally or from a specific Whānau Ora: whānau-centred and multi-agency area, literally ‘people of the land’. social service delivery. Tangaroa: Māori god. Whare: house. Tangi: funeral. Whenua: land. Tāua: grandmother. Tā moko: traditional Māori tattoo. Te Atua: the gods/elements. Te ao Māori: