A dissertation presented by Natalia Herrán Navarro In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of natural sciences (Dr. rer. nat.) Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen Germany June 2017 The present work was conducted from June 2013 to June 2017 at the Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) in Bremen as part of the interdisciplinary SUTAS Leibniz Graduate School. Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Hildegard Westphal Zweitgutachter: PD Dr. Miriam Pfeiffer Colloquium date: 29th September 2017 III IV ll dwelling in one The third and the smallest is So tell me, my child, are the house are strange right on the spot, three of them one? Abrothers three, and manage without him the Or are there but two? Or as unlike as any three others could not. could there be none? brothers could be, Yet the third is a factor with Just name them, and you yet try as you may to tell which to be reckoned will at once realize brother from brother, because the first brother that each rules a kingdom of you’ll find that the trio turns into the second. infinite size. resemble each other. You cannot stand back and They rule it together and are The first isn’t there, though observe number three, it as well. he’ll come beyond doubt. for one of the others is all In that, they’re alike, so The second’s departed, so you will see. where, do they dwell? he’s not about. ― Michael Ende, Momo Learn what is to be taken seriously and laugh at the rest. ― Hermann Hesse V VI Table of Contents $ $ $$ % C:C:CE 9 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::D C:C:D :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::F $% ( $& ( $' ) $( + $) , % $$ %$$% %% $& %& $' D:E:C :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::CF VII D:E:D ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::CI D:E:E 9 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::CJ %' $, D:F:C :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::CK D:F:D ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::DC D:F:E ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::DF D:F:F ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::DG %( %* D:G:C :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::DI D:G:D :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::EB D:G:E :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::EF & ! "'# &$'$ &% '% && '& E:E:C :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::FE E:E:D :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::FG E:E:E :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::FH E:E:FQ77 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::FH E:E:G ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::FI &' '* E:F:C ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::FI E:F:D :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::FK E:F:E ; ::::::::::::::::::::::::::GD &( (* VIII E:G:C :::::::::::::::::GI E:G:D ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::GJ E:G:E :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HB ' )( '$)) '% )* '& )+ F:E:C :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::HJ F:E:D :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IB '' *% F:F:C ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ID F:F:D ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IG F:F:E ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IH F:F:F ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::IJ '( +# F:G:C: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::JB F:G:D ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::JC ') +& ( +( ($+) (% +* (& ,# G:E:C ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KB IX G:E:D :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KE G:E:E :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KF G:E:F :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KG (' ,) G:F:C ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KH G:F:D ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KI G:F:D :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::KK G:F:E :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::CBG (( $#) () $$' ) $$( )$ $%# $%$%& &$'$ '$(, ($** $ %$,# % '$,$ & ($,* ' )$,, X Table of figures #!/,C;C ;)(*./&",.-")1#(!."'#( )/,, .3*-7-)('$),)(.,)&- ), &#/' ,)(. /'/&.#)(: " ,&.#0 #'*),.( ) )&)!#& ( -#'(.,3 *,)---#-)(.,)&&#(!."# ,(., -..-: &3*-.&:>DBBC?: E #!/,C;D ; )(*./& ",. ) ),& , - )-3-.' -,0#-(."&#(%!-)#); )()'#,#0,-((.",)*)!(#*,--/,-:'*:I #!/,C;E )(*. ) ." 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