Introduction to Archaeology of the Parish of Maker with Rame. My Name is Ann Helliwell. In 1988 our Archaeology tutor persuaded us at the evening class to take an 'A' level. This included a project of 5000 words on 'an area local to you'. As I then lived in Northamptonshire, I had to get dispensation from my tutor to make this parish as my subject. The whole class came down for the weekend and were enchanted. Since 1988, two updates are necessary. 1. Page 22 Rounds At the time of writing I failed to see these reported rings on the hillside. Subsequently, I have seen them in late summer and they turn out to be fungal ('fairy') rings. 2. Page 24 In the past few years, two more small Roman forts have been recognised nearRAME Lostwithiel. HISTORY GROUP Ann Helliwell 28th May 2013 THE AREIIAEOIOGY OF TEB PARISH OF I,IAKER TTITH RAIITE by ANN HELLIWELL s6lLxJi,zlr I]NIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LOCAL E)(I\I'IINATIONS SYI{DICATE GCE ADVANCED LE\TEL INDIVIDUAI STUDIES SUBJECT 9O4O ARCHAEOLOGY PAPER 3 PROJECT 2 centre Number .1:4??*... candidate Number ..?.. o . Name of school ...Ly.?f*l::2...:f.::-f'f.... -.. - -.. o. - r./l . trr s,J **L*t-t t'-: 6 L-(- Namg of Candidatg . i.t............ !........... r. r...... ' Approximate total number of words . -tt,.l.:.1' I certify thaE, aPart from gener 1 guidance (e.g. topics, sources), this project is to the best of unaided work of the above cafdid te. Thi previously been submitted f. Lnatl-o incipaL U This tabel is adhesive Errr,lzl4t LIST OT CONTEIITS page Acknowledgements 3 INTRODUCTTONRAME HISTORY GROUP4 CHAPTER ONE Locati-on and Formati-on 6 CHAPTER TIfO The Mesolithic and Neolithic 1 O CHAPTER THREE The Late Neolithic and Bronze Age 1 4 CHAPTER FOUR The Iron Age 20 CHAPTER FIVE The Roman Era 24 CHAPTER SIX The Early Medieval 27 CONCLUSION 29 Bibliography 31 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS page MAP 1 a lce-Age Sea Levels ) 5 l/lAPRAME 1b Position HISTORYof Proj ect Area ) GROUP MAP 2 Geological Map of Lhe Parish 7 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH No.1 8a IUAP 3 Ordnance Survey Map of the Par j- sh 9 FLINT TOOLS ( Photographs ) 11 SELECTION OF FLINT FINDS (drawings) 12 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH No.2 14a SITE Nos .1 7 6 and 1 47 ( Photographs ) 15 BRONZE AGE BARROW ( Photographs ) 17 MAP 4 Ridge Roads 18 RAME HEAD CLrFF CASTLE ( Photographs ) 21 WIGGLE BARRO!{ ) srTE oF ROUNDS ) ( Photographs ) 23 MAKER HEIGHTS ) VIEWS FROIVI SITES 17 6 and 1 47 25 MAP 5 Showing Position of Churches 28 Photographs by Il[. A. Helliwell with the exception of one by B Martin on page 17. P.3 ACKNOITLEDGEITENTS l'1r' S' Hartgroves of the My thanks due to ar.chaeologists- io l'lrs' c' Gaskerr-Brown -are and, so much cornish Arcnaeorogicar fgt_u"ii;*"T;;;;, gititg'*" tt'Lir time and of Plymoutr'-lro-=-""* :i"#'in trre-l'ocar History Department information. A1so, to-the Library' of Plymoutrr litJ"iv in Torpoint ""a Bert Brown' due to- Lady and Messrs' to Mv thanks are also Dick-V."{t-.Gt-1' Wooa'*l;kindty allowed me cloffRAME Daniel, Crispin-GilI;di HISTORY Ivlartin GROUP who gave me permission oick their brains. AIso,- tl"l{t'-C'-it".rirrrro*, ;;tiv Walleistein who Lo walk his iand around ";;' Survev of Rame me her lopy of "T;;";;.triL"iogi"."1. i" use her crave Jean dt"1ai.r." f9r iit*itttl}g T: Feninsular,'i r,lrs.- ooyte tli retting me use church drawing (Map 5) and the nl"-.-n.- pamphlets. Togeologist,Dr.JonathanCraig.andstudentJonathanMarshlam;;;;;"i;; the seol0sv of indebred for rheir- help r.a- sria.r,."-- wt'o gave me the to rur df if ip Ha'rineIl the Parish. er=o ' i"t.i-'srr.ptr"lJ r giye mv thanks for navigation To #.' to""eining chambered his patient"t.ris. exptanations i"a-i"i"t*"tio' for his-the kind co- arso to Mr' *"V'?tit"asf ip-tayfor for his tomb annd photo-copying. Also, to-ltit-.- srian t{ara'trt operation and Edgcumbe' pirotograph oi*tt;";;t;ow- at Mount ThehetpofMr.TonyCarnehasbeeninvaluable..Withouthisand his book this locat knowledge, sense "fr.ti'"y".= go to my husband' been"i"hi=i;y, irr"-p""i;;.-oi r'tv-tttitt].= project wouiJ't.r" [t" mysteries, of his word processor Don, who taught -me "o*" Lastlv' t9 ogr lecturer an and helped q6t this proj;i ;;i"t6d. - for passing on ogy:-Mr". Angela Nobie, goes *v-gt"titu.de Archaeol her and enthusiasm' to me some of ""ot*o*=-tcnowfeage P.+ INTRODUCTION This Parish is a part of Cornwall whose rooLs lie in the Celtic culture. Compared to the rest of the county it contains no exciting archaeological finds - no stone circles, fogous or megaliths for which Cornwall is famous. Yet the Rillaton cup was dilcovered only a few miles to the west, and the wealth of Dartmoor hut circles of equal distance to the east. BecauseRAME this parish HISTORY nurtured my childhood GROUP I was curious to know what signs there were of early mants existence in the countryside I know so weII. My research was well rewarded - not with startling arehaeological discoveries but enough mundane finds and clues to form a pattern of land use in prehistory- The object of this survey is to search out and collate what archaeological evidence there is in thls part of the Rame Peninsular. In so doing it j-s hoped to build up a picture of the Parish in prehlstoric ti-mes and compare the areas of settlement with those of the present day. In the 1970's a Survey was set up by the Institute of Cornish Studies due to the fact that it was proposed that a power station be built nearby by the C.E.G.B. This Survey, together with access to the Sites and lvlonuments Records by kind permission of the Archaeological Unit in Truro, was the basis of my research. Further material was gained from manuscripts of Iectures, newspaper articles and unpublished works discovered in Torpoint and Plymouth libraries. Together with these the Tythe Apportionment Survey of Rame in 1 840 and Maker in 1 844 was useful in- showing old field names and footpaths. It should be added here that the two parishes were not amalgamated until 1943. In addition to this, much has been learned by field walking. Not only have many flint toots come to light but also much has been gained by just looking at the general landscape, noting sheltered iones and lines of field boundaries. My own local knowledge has been useful but the help of my friends in the Parish has been vital. s 4.. (o 0- s <f BI x e 1r RAME HISTORY GROUP ul dl .i +i $ .TE d q \J -CJ t 1l J d "tl j jl 2 CL J dl JI vtl ol J P. CHAPTER ONE Location and Formation The Rame Peninsular is a limb of Cornwall often by-passed by traveller and author alike, although it is in no way remote. It is located on the south-east tip of the county, jutting into the English Channel with the rivers Tamar and Lynher on two sides and WhitesandRAME Bay HISTORYon the third. The Parish GROUP of Maker with Rame consists largely of the coastal strip with the Parishes of St John, Millbrook and Sheviock making up the whole. The twin villages of Cawsand and Kingsand dominate. In order to avoid looking at this small area in isolation it is necessary to note its position in relation to the rest of the County and of Devon. From Map 18 its proximity to Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor can be notedr both these areas being rich in prehistoric evldence. Indeed, much of the Parish ean be seen from the wealth of hut circles of Shaugh Prior on the south- westerly edge of Dartmoor, and Rame Head is a landmark for miles around the Cornish coast The Parish of Maker with Rame was two separate parishes until 1943. Strange to relate, they were even in separate counties for over a thousand years when in 925 AD the Anglo-Saxons made King Geraj-nt of Cornwall give the parish of Maker to Sherborne Abbey. From then until 1844 Maker was in Devon. (T. Carne C.F.C. p.9) Geologically they are quite seperate, too. Rame is composed almost entirely of grey Dartmouth Slate, this being some 408 million years oId. Makerr oo the other hand, is made up of several types of younger rock. The village of Kingsand j-s founded to the side of a band of Felsite, a larva flow which extends about a mj-Ie up the coast. Maker Heights is largely Stadden and Meadfoot Grits, formed some 387 milllon years ago and at Cremyll is an outcrop of Limestone which extends across the mouth of the Tamar forming Plymouth Hoe and the cliffs at Cattdown and OresLon. (See Map 2). During the last Glaciation the sea was some 200 feet lower than today and the coastline was therefore quite different. Cawsand Bay was dry land, bisected by the River Tamar which had been joined by the PIym somewhere in front of the Hoe. Together they flowed through a bight near the Eddystone Rocks. (Gi11 P.N.H.p.13). Examination of a fishing chart shows an area of deep water (30 fathoms) just to the east of Eddystone (See I*[ap 1A). As the Arctic ice-cap receded the melt-water flowed into the sea resulting In higher tides.