Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Climate Resilience Multi Phased Programmatic Approach (CRes MPA) Strategic Social Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Economic Public Disclosure Authorized Affairs, Livestock Development, Irrigation and Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Development Sri Lanka February 2019 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 9 List of Figures ................................................................................................................. 11 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................ 13 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 21 Glossary of Terms ........................................................................................................... 24 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 28 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 28 1.2 Objectives of the Strategic Social Assessment .............................................................. 31 1.3 Methodology and Description of Tasks ........................................................................ 31 1.4 Structure of the SSA .................................................................................................... 35 2. Socio-economic baseline conditions ......................................................................... 36 2.1 Historical Context of the Basin and Project Area ........................................................... 36 2.2 Land Use Patterns ....................................................................................................... 39 2.3 Socio-economic Profile of the Kelani Basin Area ........................................................... 42 2.3.1 Districts, DSDs, and GNDs in the basin.......................................................................... 42 2.3.2 Project affected area ..................................................................................................... 43 2.3.3 Population and Household Characteristics ................................................................... 44 2.3.4 Socio-economic status of households .......................................................................... 49 2.3.5 Housing Characteristics ................................................................................................. 56 2.3.6 Access to Public Utilities ............................................................................................... 60 2.4 Gender and Vulnerability in the Project Area ............................................................... 68 2.4.1 Gender Distribution in the Project Area ....................................................................... 68 2.4.2 Vulnerable Groups in the Project Area ......................................................................... 72 2.5 Commercial and Industrial Activities in the Project Area ............................................... 75 2.5.1 Registered industries .................................................................................................... 75 2.5.2 Registered commercial units ........................................................................................ 77 2.5.3 Other economic activities ............................................................................................. 78 2.6 Natural Resources in the Project Area .......................................................................... 79 2.6.1 Fauna and Flora ............................................................................................................. 79 2.6.2 Protected Areas............................................................................................................. 79 2.7 Other Development Interventions in the Project Area .................................................. 80 2.7.1 Flood Protection ............................................................................................................ 80 2.7.2 Roads Network .............................................................................................................. 82 2.7.3 Water Intakes ................................................................................................................ 84 2.7.4 Urban housing ............................................................................................................... 84 2.7.5 Drainage system ............................................................................................................ 85 2.7.6 Rue Castle and Wee Oya reservoirs .............................................................................. 86 2.7.7 Broadlands project - Ceylon Electricity Board .............................................................. 87 2.8 History of Natural Disasters ......................................................................................... 88 2 3. Social Impact Analysis .............................................................................................. 93 3.1 Impacts Due to Natural Disasters in the Past ................................................................ 93 3.1.1 Temporary Displacement from Settlements ................................................................ 95 3.1.2 Damage and loss to property including movable assets .............................................. 96 3.1.3 Health Risks and Food Insecurity .................................................................................. 98 3.1.4 Accidents and Deaths .................................................................................................. 100 3.1.5 Damages to Infrastructure and Industries .................................................................. 100 3.1.6 Aggregate GDP and Income Losses ............................................................................. 101 3.1.7 Impacts Due to Floods in the Proposed Reservoir Areas ............................................ 104 3.2 Adverse Impacts Due to Proposed Interventions ........................................................ 106 3.2.1 Land Acquisition and Displacement of people............................................................ 106 3.2.2 Roads and Bridges Affected Due to the Proposed Interventions ............................... 119 3.2.3 Sensitive Structures Affected Due to the Proposed Interventions ............................. 123 3.2.4 Impacts on Local Uses and Users of the Kelani River ................................................. 124 3.2.5 Impacts During Construction ...................................................................................... 126 3.3 Impacts of Other Major Infrastructure Development Projects ..................................... 126 3.3.1 Proposed Rehabilitation and Widening of Ambathale – Hanwella Section of AB010 Road 127 3.3.2 Construction of New Water Supply Lines ................................................................... 127 3.3.3 Programmes Under MMDW ....................................................................................... 128 3.4 Public Perception on the Proposed Interventions ....................................................... 128 3.5 Beneficial Impacts of the Proposed Interventions ....................................................... 132 4. Vulnerable Groups and Communities ..................................................................... 134 4.1 Criteria for Vulnerability ............................................................................................ 134 4.2 Screening and Assessment of Vulnerability ................................................................ 134 4.2.1 Disability ...................................................................................................................... 135 4.2.2 Poverty ........................................................................................................................ 135 4.2.3 Women and Elderly Headed Households ................................................................... 135 4.3 Assessment of Impacts on Vulnerable Groups ............................................................ 135 4.4 Mitigation Measures and Strategic Level Recommendations ...................................... 136 4.4.1 Low Income Groups .................................................................................................... 136 4.4.2 Compulsory Education ................................................................................................ 137 4.4.3 Unemployment ........................................................................................................... 137 4.4.4 Elderly Persons ............................................................................................................ 137 4.4.5 HIV and Other Diseases ............................................................................................... 138 4.4.6 Disabled Persons ......................................................................................................... 138 5. Gender Analysis ..................................................................................................... 139 5.1 Key Gender Issues in the Context of CRes MPA