2 ^29.13 |T^6f 1964 cop. , \U«IV OH ILLINO - , .. - I CHAMPAION JI IP""" I J. fundamentals of i . UHIVERS9TY OF ILLINOIS L I B R.AFIY OF THE U N IVERSITY or ILLINOIS 629.13 li6t 1964 cop. 2 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN The person charging this material is responsible for Its renewal or return to the library on or before the due date. The minimum fee for a lost Item is $125.00, $300.00 for bound journals. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. Please note: self-stick notes may result In torn pages and lift some Inks. Renew via the Telephone Center at 217-333-8400, 846-262-1510 (toll-free) [email protected]. Renew online by choosing the My Account option at: htla://www.llb(^uM.ujuc.edu/catalog/ BY LESLIE A. BRYAN KERMIT B. ANDERSON I. BURNELL APPLEGATE OMER BENN EUGENE L. HAAK JAMES M. HANCOCK FRANCIS B. SCHABER H. S. STILLWELL W. DALE TRULOCK fundamentals of AVIATION AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 1964 Reprint INSTITUTE OF AVIATION • 3\B CIVIL ENGINEERING HALL • UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS • URBANA, ILLINOIS University Illinois © J959, 1962, 1964, by the Institute of Aviation of the of Manufactured in the United States of America 64-23260 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. Foreword In 1945 Mr. Edwin A. Link, inventor of the Link The book was reprinted in 1962, with a few revisions Might trainer and electronic simulators, and his being made to update and clarify the content, and company. Link Aviation, Inc., sponsored the publica- a chapter added on developments in space explora- tion of a book written by Norman Potter and William tion. The continued success of the book has again exhausted the supply, and a new printing is necessary J. Konicek of the Link staff. The book was called "Fundamentals of Aviation" and was an immediate only two years after the previous revision. Statistics success. Since that first publication, Mr. Link has and other items have been updated and the glossary signally benefited aviation by establishing The Link expanded. Also, the chapters on the Federal Aviation Foundation, which is dedicated to the advancement Agency and Space Exploration have been revised to of education and training in aeronautics. reflect recent changes and developments. For the In 1955 the staff of the Institute of Aviation of the benefit of libraries and others who wish hard covers, is in covers. University of Illinois revised the book. It was com- the book available such pletely rewritten and enlarged in 1959 by those mem- It is a pleasure to acknowledge again the coopera- bers of the University staff whose names appear as tion of The Link Foundation, particularly of Miss Link, Secretary, Dr. Frank co-authors on the title page and the title was changed Marilyn Executive and to "Fundamentals of Aviation and Space Technology." E. Sorenson, Chairman of the Technical Assistance Board. Mr. James M. Hancock, who is now Execu- The interest of The Link Foundation and Dr. Frank tive Director of the Chicago Planetarium Society, has E. Sorenson, then Executive Secretary of the Founda- acted as coordinator of the revision. Their assistance tion, and of Miss Marilyn C. Link, made the 1959 has been invaluable. edition possible. However, the authors had complete As Mr. Link wrote in the first edition of the book, freedom in the selection of materials and assume sole "With a full realii;ation of the wide influence of responsibility therefor. aviation on the peoples of the world; with an under- Mr. James NT Hancock acted as coordinator. Mr. standing of the problems which youth will face grow- Robert L. Ayers, Mr. Thomas H. Bailey, Mr. Hale C. ing up in the air age; and with a profound belief in, Bartlett, Mrs. Gertrude A. Becker, and Mr. Thomas and respect for, the processes of education meeting H. Gordon, also of the Institute of Aviation staff, this challenge, we respectfully dedicate this aviation contributed materially to the manuscript. publication to all American youth." The reception accorded the first edition of this book under its present title was very gratifying. It appealed Leslie A. Bryan Lhhana, Illinois ^especially to teachers and students, as well as to the Director, Institute of Aviation air transportation industry for orientation courses. June 1964 University of Illinois 3 1 Contents CHAPTER 1 LIVING IN THE AEROSPACE AGE 1 Other Aircraft Types 32 The Economic Aspect 1 Aircraft Construction 34 Aerospace Manufacturing Industry 2 Aircraft Inspections 34 Air Transport Industry 3 Supersonic Transport 36 General Aviation 6 Summary 36 The Social Aspect 6 CHAPTER 5 THE AIRCRAFT ENGINE 38 Population Distribution 7 Aircraft Engine Requirements 38 Education 7 Aircraft Engine Types 39 Family Life 7 Aircraft Engine Parts 39 The Political Aspect 7 The Four-Stroke Cycle Principle 40 Military Operations 7 Engine Systems 42 International Affairs 8 Fuel and Induction System 43 Politics 9 Summary 9 Ignition System 44 Accessories 44 Power Factors 45 CHAPTER 2 HISTORY OF FLIGHT 1 Modern Powerplants 45 Balloons and Gliders 1 1 Compressors 48 Experiments of the Wright Brothers 1 2 Combustion Chambers 49 Man's First Flight 13 Turbines 49 Later Developments 1 Exhaust 49 Air-Mail and Air-Passenger Transportation 14 Cones Thrust Versus Power 49 Summary 1 4 Turbojet, Turboprop, and Turbofan Engines CHAPTER 3 THEORY OF FLIGHT 16 50 Rocket Propulsion 50 Shape of the Wing 16 Atomic Propulsion 51 Speed of the Wing 16 Summary 51 Lift and Angle of Attack 17 Lift and Weight 17 CHAPTER 6 AIRPLANE INSTRUMENTS 52 Thrust and Drag 1 7 Pitot-Static Tube 52 Inherent Stability 18 Venturi Tube 53 The Axes of Rototion 1 9 The Airspeed Indicator 53 Rudder 19 The Altimeter 54 Elevators 20 Rote of Climb Indicator 55 Ailerons 20 The Magnetic Compass 55 Coordination of Controls 20 Tachometers 56 Trim Tabs 20 Magnetic Tachometer 56 Summary 22 Electric Tachometer 57 Oil Pressure Gage 57 CHAPTER 4 AIRCRAFT 24 Oil Temperature Gage 57 General Structure of an Airplane 24 Turn and Bonk Indicator 58 Wings 26 The Directional Gyro 59 Fuselage 27 The Gyro Horizon 60 Tail Assembly 27 Summary 61 Landing Gear 29 Powerplants 30 CHAPTER 7 FLIGHT TECHNIQUE 62 Propellers 30 Airplane Attitude and Controls 62 Jet Propulsion 31 Controls 62 Airplane Accessories 32 Straight and Level Flight 62 The Climb 63 Functions of the Federal Aviation Agency 1 12 The Glide 63 The Deputy Administrator 113 The Turn 64 Associate Administrators for Programs Use of Rudder in a Turn 65 and for Development 1 1 3 Overbanking Tendency 65 Associate Administrator for Loss of Vertical Lift 65 Administration 1 1 3 Rate of Turn 65 Federal Aviation Regulations 1 1 4 Slipping and Skidding 65 Pilot Regulations 1 15 The Takeoff 67 Air Traffic Rules 1 15 Landing Approach 67 Summary 1 1 7 Sumnnary 69 CHAPTER 12 SPACE TRAVEL 118 CHAPTER 8 AIR NAVIGATION 71 The Solar System 1 1 8 What Is Navigation? 71 Earth's Atmosphere 120 Forms of Air Navigation 71 The History of Rockets 121 Position, Direction, and Distance 72 Current Space Problems 122 Maps and Charts 74 Propulsion 122 Plotting a Course 76 Guidance 1 23 V/ind Drift Correction 78 Orbits 125 Pilotage Navigation 79 Atmosphere Re-entry 1 26 Dead Reckoning Navigation 79 Physical Problems 1 27 Radio Navigation 80 Summary 1 29 Celestial Navigation 85 Summary 85 CHAPTER 13 SPACE EXPLORATION Quest for Knowledge 130 CHAPTER 9 METEOROLOGY 86 Peaceful Uses 130 The Atmosphere 86 National Security 131 Elements of Meterology 86 National Prestige 131 Temperature 87 Current Space Activities 131 Pressure 87 Explorer Satellites 131 Moisture 87 Pioneer Satellites 132 Clouds 89 Proiect Score 132 Circulation 90 Discoverer Satellites 132 Air Masses and Fronts 90 Transit Satellites 132 Elements of V^eather Important in Aviation 91 Tiros Satellites 133 Ceiling 91 Midas Satellites 133 Visibility 91 Echo Satellite 133 Turbulence 92 Samos Satellites 133 Launchings 1 34 Icing 93 Lunar and Interplanetary Ranger Spacecraft 134 V/eather Information Available to Pilots 94 Surveyor Spacecraft 1 34 Hourly Sequence Reports 94 Mariner and Voyager Spacecraft 134 Pilot Reports 94 Future Space Projects 135 Maps 94 Meteorological Satellites 1 35 Aloft Reports 94 Winds Communications Satellites 135 Area Forecasts 96 Observatory Satellites 135 Terminal Forecasts 96 Man in Space 1 35 Summary 96 X-15 Rocket Plane 135 Project Mercury 1 36 CHAPTER 10 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL Project Gemini 1 38 AND COMMUNICATION 100 Project Apollo 139 Air Terminal Problems 100 Peaceful Applications of Space Research 139 Aircraft Communication 100 Communications 1 39 Airport Traffic Control Tower 102 Weather 140 A Typical Radio-Phone Conversation 103 Additional Research Benefits 140 140 Air Traffic Service 105 Summary Proposed 1964 Launch Program and Official Flight Plans 106 NASA's World Records 142 Typical Instrument Flight Procedure 108 Summary 1 1 APPENDIX 143 CHAPTER 1 1 THE FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY 112 Government Regulations 1 1 2 8 8 Illustrations 1 Average Annual Employment (1952-1963) 2 35 Full Feathering Propeller 31 2 Aerospace Manufacturing Industry Sales 36 Propeller Pitch Performance Comparisons 31 (1951-1962) 2 37 Feathered and Unfeathered Propeller 3 Revenue Passengers Carried (1952-1963) 3 Performance 31 4 Airline, Railroad, and Bus as Per Cent of 38 De-icer Boot Operation 32 Passenger-Mile Market (1950-1962) 4 39 X-18 in Flight Tests 33 5 Hours Flown in General Aviation (1951-1962) 5 40 Helicopter 33 6 A North Pole Centered Map 8 41 Aircraft Safetying Methods 34 7 The Wright Biplane in Flight Over the 42 The Cockpit