Implementation of Local Agenda 21’s Education, Awareness and Training Component: A Case Study of Gaborone Half Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION (Environmental Education) At Rhodes University Supervisor Professor Pat Irwin By Barulaganye Jones Mogotsi January 2006 Declaration I here by certify that the Thesis entitled Implementation of Local Agenda 21’s Education, Awareness and Training Component: The Case Study of Gaborone City Council, Botswana is my original work except where due reference is made. It has not been previously presented to this or any other University for a degree in the same or different form. Not part of this work shall be reproduced without prior permission from the author or Rhodes University. Candidate: ______________________________ Barulaganye Jones Mogotsi I hereby certify that this Thesis is submitted with the supervisor’s approval Supervisor: ______________________________ Professor Pat Irwin Examiner: _________________________________ Rhodes University Copyright 2006 i ABSTRACT ‘What is required is the ‘politics of the rhizome’ in which everyone, every community, every nation and every major region comes to terms with the uniqueness of their situation and acts accordingly – and realises that it is only by vast numbers of people, of groups and organizations acting in accordance with possibilities of their situations, that the environmental crisis will be solved.’ (Gare, 1995:161). The study investigates the implementation of Local Agenda 21 ’s education, awareness and training component by the Gaborone City Council Environmental Health Department (GCCEHD) to address environmental challenges facing the city of Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana. The research was conducted as a qualitative case study that made use of semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews and document analysis as instruments of data generation. Samples of respondents were selected from the Gaborone City Council (GCCEHD) employees in management positions, workers, and elected political councillors. The study is contextualised through establishing environmental issues in the Gaborone City Council, identifying strategies to address environmental issues and the review of the Waste Management Plan 2003-2009 , which the department uses as a guiding document for waste management. The study establishes that the council employees are mostly concerned with issues of waste management and need commitment from all Local Government sectors of the work force. The study established the importance of education, awareness and training as a response to environmental issues facing Gaborone. The study also establishes the need for social education in terms of public education, awareness and training needed for the public to adequately respond to environmental challenges in their context. Models and relevant policy and guiding documents such as ii the Vision for Greater Gaborone , DPSEEA Model and Botswana Environmental Planning Principles were identified and recommended for the department to consider. The awareness and training activities should be developed and involve the community in environmental management. This should enable the council to create opportunities for income generation, at the same time changing community negative attitudes towards the environment and improving service delivery by the department. iii Acknowledgements I wish to thank my Supervisor, Professor Pat Irwin, for his skilled and unfailing assistance in preparing the draft of the many halting and tentative drafts leading to the final copy. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Gaborone City Council Environmental Health Department (GCCEHD) management, Professor Heila Lotz-Sisitka, Mr. Benjamin Mogotsi, Mr. Mphemelang John Ketlhoilwe, Mr. Sonke Sithole (GCCEHD), Ms. Gaborone (GCCEHD) and their colleagues in the Department, Jennifer Paul, Abie Ditlhake and Mr. Shreshth Mawandia, who, with typical collegiability and professionalism as well as a sharp eye, read the research drafts, suggesting corrections, elaborations and further improvements. I would like to thank all my colleagues (the staff at BOCONGO) for the support they have rendered me during the difficult times for the entire period of my study. To my friends; (Justin Hunyepa, Samuel Kebaatlhotse, Eric Ditau, Unopa Sikuku, Titus Makosha, Daniel Motsatsing, Itumeleng Tsebe, Obakeng Tamatise, Kgopolo Phukula and my beloved late friend Jomo Mosweu (may his soul rest in peace), I say guys, knowledge is from books! To all my classmates, may the love of GOD be with you all the days of your lives. Finally, I dedicate this work to my wonderful lovely wife (Botlhale) and daughter (Yaone), without whose unflagging support and encouragement this study would never have been completed. I can not thank Botlhale enough for her self-sacrificing care and support, as well as her unwavering good sense and critical intelligence. I further dedicate the study to my late mother (Mma-Loungo) who was not lucky enough to live longer to witness her son’s hard work. May her soul rest in peace. Barulaganye Jones Mogotsi iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE DECLARATION i ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF APPENDICES ix LIST OF ACRONYMS USED x CHAPTER ONE : 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Orientation to the chapter 1 1.2 Context of the study 2 1.3 Background of the research 3 1.4 Research question and objectives 4 1.5 Overview of chapters 5 CHAPTER TWO: 8 THE INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2. International Perspective 9 2.2.1 The Stockholm Conference 1972 9 2.2.2 The Tbilisi Conference 1977 10 2.2.3 The World Conservation Strategy 1980 10 2.2.4 The Rio Earth Summit 1992 11 v 2.2.4.1 Agenda 21 12 2.2.4.2 Agenda 21 and Education and Training 14 2.2.4.3 Role of National NGOs in Local Agenda 21 15 2.2.5 United Nations Millennium Development Goals 2000 16 2.2.6 World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002 17 2.3. Regional Perspective 18 2.3.1 State of the Environment in SADC 19 2.3.2 The SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan 20 2.3.3 SADC Policy and Strategy for Environment and Sustainable Development 22 2.3.4 The EEASA Gaborone Declaration 2002 22 2.3.5. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) 23 2.4. National Perspective 24 2.4.1 State of the Environment Botswana 24 2.4.2 Botswana National Policies 26 2.4.3 National Development Plans (NDP) 27 2.4.4 National Policy on Natural Resources Conservation and Development (1990)28 2.4.5 Botswana National Water Master Plan (1991) 28 2.4.6 Botswana Government position on Agenda 21 29 2.4.7 Botswana National Vision 2016 30 2.4.8 Botswana Millennium Development Goals Status Report 2004 31 2.5 Environmental Education and Training in Botswana 32 2.5.1 Botswana National Reports to United Nations 33 2.6 Conclusion 33 CHAPTER THREE: 35 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Research Orientation 35 3.3 Case Study 36 3.4 Data generation tools 38 vi 3.4.1 Interviews 38 3.4.1.1 Face to face interview process 39 3.4.2 Focus Group Interview 40 3.4.2.1 Focus Group Interview Process 40 3.4.3 Document Analysis: 41 3.4.3.1 Process of Document Analysis 42 3.5 Data Analysis: 43 3.5 Ethics 47 3.6 Validity 48 3.7 Reflection on the Methods Used in this study 50 CHAPTER FOUR: 52 FINDINGS FROM SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS AND FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWS 4.1 Introduction 52 4.2 Data from Semi-Structured Interviews 52 4.3 Presentation and Discussion of findings of the Semi-Structured and Focus Group interviews 54 4.4 Educational Campaigns 56 4.4.1 The 3Rs Reduce, Recycling and Re-use; 59 4.4.2 Workshops 62 4.4.3 Waste Exhibition & Competition Fairs 63 4.4.4 School Health Clubs 66 4.4.5. Brochures 67 4.4.6 Training on Proper Waste Management and Handling 70 4.4.7 In-House Training 71 4.5 Results / Findings from Focus Group interviews 72 4.6 Focus Group 1. 74 4.7 Focus Group 2 75 4.8 Conclusion 76 vii CHAPTER FIVE: 77 DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS OF THE DOCUMENT ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Agenda 21 78 5.3 Waste Management Plan (2003-2009) 79 5.4 Environmental Vision for Greater Gaborone 81 5.5 Environmental Health Indicators for Decision-making 84 5.6 Conclusion 91 CHAPTER SIX: 92 CONCLUSION 6.1 Introduction 92 6.2 Environmental Education Awareness and Training Component 92 6.2.1 Education 93 6.2.2 Awareness 95 6.2.3 Training 97 6.3 Waste Management Plan 2003-2009 98 6.4 Recommendations of the study 99 6.5 Concluding remarks 100 REFERENCES 102 APPENDICES 111 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 DPSEEA Framework model 85 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Summary of categories and sub-categories of the 45 face to face interviews responses Table 3.2 Categories and subcategories for the second layer analysis 46 Table 4.1 Education, Awareness and Training claimed to be in place by Operational Managers in implementing Local Agenda 21 53 Table 4.2 Summary of two Focus Group Interviews responses 72 Table 5.1 Organizations Involved in Waste Management 80 Table 5.2 Priorities of residents 82 Table 5.3 Investment budget for Gaborone Waste Management 89 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Interview Questions 111 Appendix B Questions and responses from Semi-structured interviews 113 Appendix C Data Transcribed from the tape 118 Appendix D Document Analysis 120 Appendix E Interview conducted 25/08/05 121 Appendix F Interview conducted 30/08/05 123 Appendix G Interview conducted 26/08/05 125 Appendix H Interview conducted 27 /08 /05 127 Appendix I Interview conducted 21/08/05 129 Appendix J Interview conducted 29/08 /05 131 Appendix K Interview conducted 30/08 /05 133 Appendix L Introduction of Mr.