Journal of Humanistic Mathematics Volume 5 | Issue 1 January 2015 Abscissas and Ordinates David Pierce Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm Part of the Geometry and Topology Commons Recommended Citation Pierce, D. "Abscissas and Ordinates," Journal of Humanistic Mathematics, Volume 5 Issue 1 (January 2015), pages 233-264. DOI: 10.5642/jhummath.201501.14 . Available at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/vol5/iss1/14 ©2015 by the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. JHM is an open access bi-annual journal sponsored by the Claremont Center for the Mathematical Sciences and published by the Claremont Colleges Library | ISSN 2159-8118 | http://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/ The editorial staff of JHM works hard to make sure the scholarship disseminated in JHM is accurate and upholds professional ethical guidelines. However the views and opinions expressed in each published manuscript belong exclusively to the individual contributor(s). The publisher and the editors do not endorse or accept responsibility for them. See https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/policies.html for more information. Abscissas and Ordinates David Pierce Mathematics Department, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Istanbul, TURKEY http: // mat. msgsu. edu. tr/ ~dpierce/ [email protected] Synopsis In the manner of Apollonius of Perga, but hardly any modern book, we investigate conic sections as such. We thus discover why Apollonius calls a conic section a parabola, an hyperbola, or an ellipse; and we discover the meanings of the terms abscissa and ordinate. In an education that is liberating and not simply indoctrinating, the student of mathematics will learn these things. Contents The liberation of mathematics Lexica and registers The gendered article Applications The cone The parabola The latus rectum The hyperbola Journal of Humanistic Mathematics Vol , No , January Abscissas and Ordinates The ellipse Descartes List of Figures Complementary parallelograms................. Axial triangle and base of a cone................ Cardboard model......................... Axial triangle—now cut—and base of a cone.......... A conic section.......................... Ordinates of a conic section................... Columns in the Ionic order at Priene.............. The parabola in the cone..................... Directrix and focus........................ The hyperbola in the cone.................... . The liberation of mathematics In the third century before the Common Era, Apollonius of Perga (near Antalya in Turkey) wrote eight books on conic sections. The first four of these books survive in the original Greek; the next three survive in Arabic translation only. The last book is lost. Lucio Russo [, page ] uses this and other examples to show that we cannot expect all of the best ancient work to have come down to us. In the first book of the Conics [], Apollonius derives properties of the conic sections that can be used to write their equations in rectangular or oblique coordinates. The present article reviews these properties, because () they have intrinsic mathematical interest, () they are the reason why Apollonius gave to the three conic sections the names that they now have, and () the vocabulary of Apollonius is a source for a number of our other technical terms as well. In a modern textbook of analytic geometry, the two coordinates of a point in the so-called Cartesian plane may be called the “abscissa” and “ordinate.” David Pierce Probably the book will not explain why. But the reader deserves an explana- tion. The student should not have to learn meaningless words, for the same reason that she should not be expected to memorize the quadratic formula without seeing a derivation of it. True education is not indoctrination, but liberation. I elaborate on this point, if only obliquely, in an article on my college []. Mathematics is liberating when it teaches us our own power to decide what is true. This power comes with a responsibility to justify our decisions to anybody who asks; but this is a responsibility that must be shared by all of us who do mathematics. Mathematical terms can be assigned arbitrarily. This is permissible, but it is not desirable. The terms “abscissa” and “ordinate” arise quite naturally in Apollonius’s development of the conic sections. This development should be better known, especially by anybody who teaches analytic geometry. This is why I write. Lexica and registers Apollonius did not create his terms: they are just ordinary words, used to refer to mathematical objects. When we do not translate Apollonius, but simply transliterate his words, or use their Latin translations, then we put some distance between ourselves and the mathematics. When I read in high school that a conic section had a latus rectum, I had a sense that there was a whole theory of conic sections that was not being revealed, although its existence was hinted at by this peculiar Latin term. If we called the latus rectum by its English name of “upright side,” then the student could ask, “What is upright about it?” In turn, textbook writers might feel obliged to answer this question. In any case, I am going to answer it here. Briefly, it is called upright because, for good reason, it is to be conceived as having one endpoint on the vertex of the conic section, but as sticking out from the plane of the section. English does borrow foreign words freely: this is a characteristic of the language. A large lexicon is not a bad thing. A choice from among two or more synonyms can help establish the register of a piece of speech. In the s, a book called Color Me Beautiful was on the American bestseller lists. The New York Times blandly said the book provided “beauty tips for women”; the Washington Post described it as offering “the color-wheel approach to female pulchritude.” (The quotations are from my memory only.) Abscissas and Ordinates By using an obscure synonym for beauty, the Post mocked the book. If distinctions between near-synonyms are maintained, then subtleties of expression are possible. “Circle” and “cycle” are Latin and Greek words for the same thing, but the Greek word is used more abstractly in English, and it would be bizarre to refer to a finite group of prime order as being circular rather than cyclic. To propose or maintain distinctions between near-synonyms is a raison d’être of works like Fowler’s Dictionary of Modern English Usage []. Fowler laments, for example, the use of the Italian word replica to refer to any copy of an art-work, when the word properly refers to a copy made by the same artist. In his article on synonyms, Fowler sees in language the kind of liberation, coupled with responsibility, that I ascribed to mathematics: Synonym books in which differences are analysed, engrossing as they may have been to the active party, the analyst, offer to the passive party, the reader, nothing but boredom. Every reader must, for the most part, be his own analyst; & no-one who does not expend, whether expressly & systematically or as a half- conscious accompaniment of his reading & writing, a good deal of care upon points of synonymy is likely to write well. Fowler’s own book is, in part, one of the synonym books that he denigrates here; so I suppose he is saying, “You will not be a good writer, just by reading me: you must read, and think, for yourself.” What other synonym books does he have in mind? Perhaps books like Roget’s Thesaurus, which I do find occasionally useful, but which is not the “indispensable guide to the English language” that the back cover of “my” edition [] claims it to be. Fowler’s own book is closer to that description, for the example it sets of sound thinking. This is why I prefer to read his original work, rather than the posthumous second edition, edited and updated by Gowers []. The boredom, described by Fowler, of the reader of a mere book of syn- onyms is comparable to that of the reader of a mathematics textbook that begins with a bunch of strange words like “abscissa” and “ordinate.” Mathematics can be done in any language. Greek does mathematics without a specialized vocabulary. It is worthwhile to consider what this is like. I shall take Apollonius’s terminology from Heiberg’s edition []—actually David Pierce a printout of a pdf image downloaded from the Wilbour Hall website, wilbourhall. org. Meanings are checked with the big Liddell–Scott–Jones lexicon, the “LSJ” []. The articles of the LSJ are available from the Perseus Digital Library, perseus.tufts.edu, though I myself splurged on the print version of the whole book. In fact the great majority of works in the references, including all of the language books, are from the shelves of my personal li- brary; some might not be the most up-to-date references, but they are the ones that I am pleased to have at hand. I am going to write out Apollonius’s terms in Greek letters, using the NeoHellenic font made available by the Greek Font Society. I shall use the customary minuscule forms—today’s “lower case”—developed in the Middle Ages. Apollonius himself would have used only the letters that we now call capital; but modern mathematics uses minuscule Greek letters freely, and the reader ought to be able to make sense of them, even without studying the Greek language as such. I have heard a plausible rumor that it is actually beneficial for calculus students to memorize the Greek alphabet. The gendered article Apollonius’s word for cone is ὁ κῶνος, meaning originally “pine-cone.” Evidently our word “cone” comes ultimately from Apollonius’s word (and this is confirmed by such resources as the Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology []).