CONTENTS Abbreviations and Acronyms: .............................................................................................7 Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................10 Abstract in English ...............................................................................................................12 Abstracto en Español............................................................................................................15 Abstrakt på Dansk................................................................................................................19 Chapter 1.................................................................................................................................22 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................22 Payment for Environmental Services ............................................................................23 Setting Up Payment for Environmental Service Schemes ........................................26 PES Opportunities and Challenges ..............................................................................28 PES and Poverty..............................................................................................................32 Research Focus ................................................................................................................34 Poverty and Environmental Degradation in the Cordillera del Tunari .................35 Integrated Watershed Management and Research on PWHS..................................38 Poverty, Degradation and Water Conflict in Tiquipaya ...........................................42 Research Questions...........................................................................................................44 Studying the social feasibility of PWHS schemes ......................................................48 The Social Field of Water Access and Control............................................................50 Consequences and Options for the Poor .....................................................................54 Outline of Thesis...............................................................................................................56 Chapter 2.................................................................................................................................59 Conceptual and Analytical Framework............................................................................59 Rights‐Based Approaches and Theories of Access.....................................................61 Defining Rights................................................................................................................61 The Importance of Rights and Water Rights Research..............................................63 Water Rights Research ...................................................................................................64 Rights and Power............................................................................................................66 Can Rights Explain People’s Access to Resources? ...................................................67 Defining Access ‐ Property (Rights) vs. Ability..........................................................68 Access, Power and the Agency/Structure Divide ......................................................69 Analytical Framework of Access Mechanisms...........................................................69 Access Theory and Power Analysis .............................................................................71 Bourdieu’s Methodology and Key Concepts ...............................................................72 The Social Space ..............................................................................................................74 The Field of Political Power...........................................................................................75 Social Fields .....................................................................................................................75 Objective Relations of Positions....................................................................................76 How to Define the Content and Boundaries of a Field?............................................78 1 Capitals.............................................................................................................................78 Habitus .............................................................................................................................79 Bourdieu and Water Access and Control......................................................................79 Water Access and Control as a Field............................................................................80 Bourdieu and Water Access and Control ....................................................................83 Analytical Framework......................................................................................................85 Chapter 3.................................................................................................................................95 Methodological Considerations and.................................................................................95 Field Work Strategy .............................................................................................................95 Methodological Approach...............................................................................................95 A Phronetic Research Approach...................................................................................95 Case Studies.....................................................................................................................97 Political Ecology..............................................................................................................97 Intervention Interfaces ...................................................................................................98 Field Work Strategy ........................................................................................................100 Work Site Selection .......................................................................................................100 Fieldwork Techniques..................................................................................................102 Data Reliability..............................................................................................................109 Reflexive Sociology.......................................................................................................113 Scope and Limitations of Research.............................................................................115 Chapter 4...............................................................................................................................118 National and Local Context Analysis .............................................................................118 Brief Historical Outline of the Field of Political Power ..........................................118 The Political Field and Water Access and Control ...................................................121 Customary Water Access and Control.......................................................................121 Sector Laws ....................................................................................................................124 The Municipality and Participation Laws.................................................................125 Privatization...................................................................................................................125 Political Changes and New Water Laws ...................................................................126 New Irrigation Law ......................................................................................................127 The Position of Water in the Field of Political Power..............................................130 Water and Watershed Services in Tiquipaya.............................................................133 Watershed Boundaries and Water Resources...........................................................134 Conservation of Hydrological Services .....................................................................140 Struggles over Water Access and Control ..................................................................145 Tunari National Park....................................................................................................146 The Cochabamba ‘Water War’ (La Guerra De Agua)..............................................152 Urbanization ..................................................................................................................153 The Macoti Conflict.......................................................................................................155 Summing Up ....................................................................................................................158 2 Chapter 5:..............................................................................................................................161 The Social Field of Water Access and Control..............................................................161 in Tiquipaya ........................................................................................................................161