Digital Histories Digital Histories istorical scholarship is currently undergoing a digital turn. All historians have experienced this change in one Emergent Approaches within the New Digital History Hway or another, by writing on word processors, applying quantitative methods on digitalized source materials, or using Edited by internet resources and digital tools. Mats Fridlund, Digital Histories showcases this emerging wave of digital Mila Oiva history research. It presents work by historians who – on their & Petri Paju own or through collaborations with e.g. information technology specialists – have uncovered new, empirical historical knowledge through digital and computational methods. The topics of the volume range from the medieval period to the present day, including various parts of Europe. The chapters apply an exemplary array of methods, such as digital metadata analysis, by Edited machine learning, network analysis, topic modelling, named entity recognition, collocation analysis, critical search, and text and data mining. Mats Fridlund, Mila Oiva & Petri Paju The volume argues that digital history is entering a mature phase, digital history ‘in action’, where its focus is shifting from the building of resources towards the making of new historical knowledge. This also involves novel challenges that digital methods pose to historical research, including awareness of the pitfalls and limitations of the digital tools and the necessity of new forms of digital source criticisms. Digital Histories Emergent Approaches within the New Digital History Edited by Mats Fridlund, Mila Oiva & Petri Paju Published by Helsinki University Press www.hup.fi © the authors 2020 First published in 2020 Cover design by Ville Karppanen Cover photo: iStockphoto Print and digital versions typeset by Siliconchips Services Ltd. ISBN (Paperback): 978-952-369-020-2 ISBN (PDF): 978-952-369-021-9 ISBN (EPUB): 978-952-369-022-6 ISBN (Mobi): 978-952-369-023-3 https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-5 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (unless stated otherwise within the content of the work). To view a copy of the CC BY 4.0 license, visit http://creativecommons.org /licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. The license allows for copying any part of the work for personal and commercial use, providing author attribution is clearly stated. The full text of this book has been peer reviewed to ensure high academic standards. For full review policies, see http://www.hup.fi/ Suggested citation: Fridlund, M., Oiva, M., & Paju, P. (Eds.). (2020). Digital histories: Emergent approaches within the new digital history. Helsinki University Press. https:// doi.org/10.33134/HUP-5. To read the free, open access version of this book online, visit https://doi.org/10.33134/HUP-5 or scan this QR code with your mobile device: Table of Contents Acknowledgements vii Contributors ix Foreword xvii Part I: The Beginning 1 Chapter 1: Digital and Distant Histories: Emergent Approaches within the New Digital History 3 Petri Paju, Mila Oiva and Mats Fridlund Part II: Making Sense of Digital History 19 Chapter 2: The Long Road to ‘Digital History’: History of Computer-Assisted Research of the Past in Finland since the 1960s 21 Petri Paju Chapter 3: Towards Big Data: Digitising Economic and Business History 45 Jari Eloranta, Pasi Nevalainen and Jari Ojala Chapter 4: Digital History 1.5: A Middle Way between Normal and Paradigmatic Digital Historical Research 69 Mats Fridlund Chapter 5: Building Historical Knowledge Byte by Byte: Infrastructures and Data Management in Modern Scholarship 89 Jessica Parland-von Essen Chapter 6: Big Data, Bad Metadata: A Methodological Note on the Importance of Good Metadata in the Age of Digital History 103 Kimmo Elo Chapter 7: All the Work that Makes It Work: Digital Methods and Manual Labour 113 Johan Jarlbrink Part III: Distant Reading, Public Discussions and Movements in the Past 127 Chapter 8: The Resettlement and Subsequent Assimilation of Evacuees from Finnish Karelia during and after the Second World War 129 Mirkka Danielsbacka, Lauri Aho, Robert Lynch, Jenni Pettay, Virpi Lummaa and John Loehr Chapter 9: Towards Digital Histories of Women’s Suffrage Movements: A Feminist Historian’s Journey to the World of Digital Humanities 149 Heidi Kurvinen Chapter 10: Of Great Men and Eurovision Songs: Studying the Finnish Audio-Visual Heritage through NER-based Analysis on Metadata 165 Maiju Kannisto and Pekka Kauppinen Chapter 11: Tracing the Emergence of Nordic Allemansrätten through Digitised Parliamentary Sources 181 Matti La Mela Chapter 12: Evolving Conceptualisations of Internationalism in the UK Parliament: Collocation Analyses from the League to Brexit 199 Pasi Ihalainen and Aleksi Sahala Chapter 13: Picturing the Politics of Resistance: Using Image Metadata and Historical Network Analysis to Map the East German Opposition Movement, 1975–1990 221 Melanie Conroy and Kimmo Elo Chapter 14: The Many Ways to Talk about the Transits of Venus: Astronomical Discourses in Philosophical Transactions, 1753–1777 237 Reetta Sippola Chapter 15: The Many Themes of Humanism: Topic Modelling Humanism Discourse in Early 19th-Century German-Language Press 259 Heidi Hakkarainen and Zuhair Iftikhar Chapter 16: Manuscripts, Qualitative Analysis and Features on Vectors: An Attempt for a Synthesis of Conventional and Computational Methods in the Attribution of Late Medieval Anti-Heretical Treatises 279 Reima Välimäki, Aleksi Vesanto, Anni Hella, Adam Poznański and Filip Ginter Chapter 17: Macroscoping the Sun of Socialism: Distant Readings of Temporality in Finnish Labour Newspapers, 1895–1917 303 Risto Turunen Part IV: Conclusions 325 Chapter 18: The Common Landscape of Digital History: Universal Methods, Global Borderlands, Longue-Durée History, and Critical Thinking about Approaches and Institutions 327 Jo Guldi Index 347 Acknowledgements With the publication of this book a more than five year long journey is reaching an end and new beginnings. In 2015 a group of historians met up in Helsinki to discuss how we could best promote the development of digital history. Our first heartfelt thanks therefore go to Anu Lahtinen, Hannu Salmi, Ilkka Mäkinen, Jaakko Suominen, Jessica Parland-von Essen, Marko Tikka, Mikko Tolonen and Visa Immonen, who came up with the idea for the research project that started this process. Their work led to a survey of digital history projects, then a digital history demonstration roadshow that travelled across Finland, and, now, this book—much of which draws on conversations that developed over the course of the roadshow. In addition to the more than hundred historians who in 2018 participated in our digital history roadshow to six Finnish universities, we would especially like to thank Antti Härkönen, Heli Paalumäki, Henri Hannula, Jo Guldi, Johan Jarlbrink, Kaisa Vehkalahti, Pasi Nevalainen, Risto Turunen, Tero Aalto, and Virva Liski for helping to realise the tour. Many colleagues have provided sup- port, resources, insights, and advice during this process, and some of them deserves a special thanks, especially Aaro Sahari, Bernard Geoghegan, Dagmar Schäfer, Ilkka Jokipii, Juho Savela, Justine Cassell, Kati Katajisto, Lisa Onaga, Maiju Wuokko, Martina Schlünder, Nina Lerman, Pekka Kyrenius, Saara Matala, Sami Suodenjoki, Shi-Pei Chen and the University of Turku IT services. The funding that made it possible to bring together all the digital historians and let us editors work together on this book has come through two research grants from the Kone Foundation and with additional funding and support viii Digital Histories from Aalto University, the Academy of Finland, the Centre for Digital Humani- ties at the University of Gothenburg, the Emil Aaltonen Foundation, the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin, and the University of Turku. At Helsinki University Press, we received helpful advice and construc- tive comments from two anonymous reviewers. Our editor Aino Rajala—who steered us through the material realization of our book—deserves our warmest thanks, as does the Helsinki University Press Academic Board, who found our book worthy to be published as one of the first open access books of the press. Outside the historical community, the very humanist computer scientist Timo Honkela was one of the earliest supporters of our project. We were delighted when he accepted our invitation to write the book’s foreword, and we are deeply saddened that he has not lived to see its publication. Timo passed away in May 2020, following a long struggle with a serious illness. To commemorate his pro- fessional achievements in the digital humanities and his personal generosity both to us and to other digital and analogue humanists, we—the editors and the authors of this volume—dedicate this book to his memory. Gothenburg, Helsinki and Turku in the viral summer of 2020 Mats Fridlund, Mila Oiva, Petri Paju Contributors Lauri Aho has a master’s degree from the Department of Biology of the University of Turku, Finland. He is currently a biology and geography teacher in Helsinki, Finland. Melanie Conroy is Associate Professor of French at the University of Memphis, United States. She received her doctorate from Stanford University and master’s degrees from the University of Buffalo and the University of Paris, VIII. Her research explores the intersection of networks with literature, cultural history and visual studies in modern European culture. She is currently working on a cultural history of European salons as sites of literary production and a digital humanities survey on literary geography in the French realist and post- realist novel. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0410-1610 Mirkka Danielsbacka is Assistant Professor of Sociology in the Department of Social Research at the University of Turku, Finland. She holds a PhD in Finn- ish and Nordic history and second PhD in Social and Public Policy, both from the University of Helsinki. Her research focuses on the Second World War, the welfare state and intergenerational family relations.