Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies International Atomic United Nations Department of International Energy Eurostat European Environment Energy Agency Economic and Social Affairs Agency Agency Photos on the cover: D. Kinley, IAEA FAO/17954/J.Y.Piel ENERGY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: GUIDELINES AND METHODOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, EUROSTAT AND EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention on Intellectual Property as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. 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Box 100 A-1400 Vienna Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 http://www.iaea.org/Publications/index.html © IAEA, 2005 Printed by the IAEA in Austria April 2005 STI/PUB/1222 ENERGY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: GUIDELINES AND METHODOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, EUROSTAT AND EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2005 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Energy indicators for sustainable development : guidelines and methodologies. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2005. p. ; 24 cm. ISBN 92–0–116204–9 Includes bibliographical references 1. Sustainable development. 2. Power resources. 3. Energy consumption — Environmental aspects. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEAL 05–00389 FOREWORD This publication is the product of an international initiative to define a set of Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development (EISD) and corresponding methodologies and guidelines. The successful completion of this work is the result of an intensive effort led by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in cooperation with the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), the International Energy Agency (IEA), Eurostat and the European Environment Agency (EEA). The thematic framework, guidelines, methodology sheets and energy indicators set out in this publication reflect the expertise of these various agencies, recognized worldwide as leaders in energy and environmental statistics and analysis. While each agency has an active indicator programme, one goal of this joint endeavour has been to provide users with a consensus by leading experts on definitions, guidelines and methodologies for the development and worldwide use of a single set of energy indicators. No set of energy indicators can be final and definitive. To be useful, indicators must evolve over time to fit country-specific conditions, priorities and capabilities. The purpose of this publication is to present one set of EISD for consideration and use, particularly at the national level, and to serve as a starting point in the development of a more comprehensive and universally accepted set of energy indicators relevant to sustainable development. It is hoped that countries will use the EISD to assess their energy systems and to track their progress towards nationally defined sustainable development goals and objectives. It is also hoped that users of the information presented in this publication will contribute to refinements of energy indicators for sustainable development by adding their own unique perspectives to what is presented herein. The work of devising energy indicators in the context of sustainable development was initiated in 1999 by Arshad Khan and Garegin Aslanian at the Planning and Economic Studies Section of the IAEA. They spearheaded the complex process of selecting, defining and validating an appropriate set of energy-related indicators consonant with the larger effort on Indicators of Sustainable Development (ISD) developed by Member States of the United Nations and international organizations under the umbrella of Agenda 21 and the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD). Their preliminary work was presented by the IAEA in cooperation with the IEA in the 9th session of the CSD in 2001. This effort was followed by an international initiative to refine the energy indicators, created as a partnership in 2002 and registered with the World Summit on Sustainable Development. Under this partnership, an ad hoc interagency expert group started consultations to develop a consensus on a single set of energy indicators, methodologies and guidelines for general use. The members of this group were Kathleen Abdalla from UNDESA, Roeland Mertens and Rosemary Montgomery from Eurostat, Aphrodite Mourelatou and Peter Taylor from the EEA, Fridtjof Unander from the IEA and Ivan Vera (Project Coordinator) from the IAEA. Over the past two years, these committee members have made outstanding contributions to the substance and quality of the present report and its attempt to circumscribe a challenging emerging subject. Their dedication to finishing a unified report with worldwide applicability has ensured its success, and their congenial and professional spirit of cooperation was crucial for reaching consensus for the publication of this five- agency report. Their work also benefited greatly from the contributions of others, including Kui-nang Mak from UNDESA; Carmen Difiglio from the IEA; August Götzfried, Nikolaos Roubanis and Peter Tavoularidis from Eurostat; Tobias Wiesenthal, Andre Jol, David Stanners and Jeff Huntington from the EEA; Hans-Holger Rogner, Lucille Langlois, Greg Csullog, Irej Jalal and Ferenc Toth from the IAEA; and Ellen Bergschneider, who provided editorial support. EDITORIAL NOTE In this unedited publication, the use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. Material prepared by authors who are in contractual relation with governments is copyrighted by the IAEA, as publisher, only to the extent permitted by the appropriate national regulations. CONTENTS 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 2. Background ............................................................................................................ 5 3. Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development .............................................. 11 4. Selecting and Using Energy Indicators .............................................................. 25 5. Methodology Sheets ............................................................................................. 29 Social Dimension ...................................................................................................... 29 SOC1: Share of households (or population) without electricity or commercial energy, or heavily dependent on non-commercial energy ...................................................................................................... 29 SOC2: Share of household income spent on fuel and electricity ........................ 32 SOC3: Household energy use for each income group and corresponding fuel mix ................................................................................................... 35 SOC4: Accident fatalities per energy produced by fuel chain ........................... 38 Economic Dimension ............................................................................................... 40 ECO1: Energy use per capita .............................................................................. 40 ECO2: Energy use per unit of GDP .................................................................... 42 ECO3: Efficiency of energy conversion and distribution ................................... 45 ECO4: Reserves-to-production ratio ................................................................... 48 ECO5: Resources-to-production ratio ................................................................. 50 ECO6: Industrial energy intensities .................................................................... 52 ECO7: Agricultural energy intensities ................................................................ 56 ECO8: Service/commercial energy intensities .................................................... 59 ECO9: Household energy intensities .................................................................