A Bio-energy Roadmap for South Australia RENEWABLES SA Jacobs Report 141211 RFT 5 August 2015 Jacobs Report A Bioenergy Roadmap for South Australia Project no: IW085700 Document title: Jacobs Report Revision: 1 Date: 5 August 2015 Client name: Renewables SA Client ref: 141211 RFT Project manager: Tim Johnson Authors: Tim Johnson, Wayne Brown, Jason Brown, David Harridge, Chris Johnson File name: \\Jacobs.com\adeprojects\IE\Projects\IW085700\Deliverables\Reports\A Bioenergy Roadmap for South Australia - Report - Version 1.docx Jacobs Group (Australia) Pty Limited ABN 37 001 024 095 Level 6, 30 Flinders Street Adelaide SA 5000 Australia T +61 8 8113 5400 F +61 8 8113 5440 www.jacobs.com COPYRIGHT: The concepts and information contained in this document are the property of Jacobs Group (Australia) Pty Limited. Use or copying of this document in whole or in part without the written permission of Jacobs constitutes an infringement of copyright. Document history and status Revision Date Description By Review Approved A 18.06.15 Draft for client and internal Jacobs review JEB et al TDJ TDJ B 15/07/2015 Complete draft for client and internal Jacobs review JEB et al TDJ TDJ 1 5 August For issue, following incorporation of feedback JEB DH, RZ, TDJ TDJ 2015 i Jacobs Report Contents Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 6 1. The Current Landscape .......................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Solid Biomass ............................................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.1 Common Solid Biomass Feedstocks ............................................................................................................................................ 10 1.2.2 Utilisation of Solid Biomass........................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Gaseous Bio-fuels......................................................................................................................................................................... 21 1.3.1 Common Gaseous Bio-fuel Feedstocks ....................................................................................................................................... 21 1.3.2 Utilisation of Gaseous Bio-fuels .................................................................................................................................................... 22 1.4 Liquid Bio-fuels ............................................................................................................................................................................. 28 1.4.1 Common Liquid Bio-fuels .............................................................................................................................................................. 28 1.4.2 Utilisation of Liquid Bio-fuels ......................................................................................................................................................... 29 1.5 Global Bio-energy Landscape....................................................................................................................................................... 35 1.6 Australian and South Australian Bio-energy Landscape............................................................................................................... 35 1.6.1 South Australian Bio-energy Political Landscape ......................................................................................................................... 35 2. Bio-energy Material Sources in South Australia .................................................................................. 37 2.1 Relevant Materials ........................................................................................................................................................................ 37 2.1.1 Existing Feedstocks ...................................................................................................................................................................... 37 2.1.2 Purpose Grown Biomass Feedstocks ........................................................................................................................................... 41 2.2 Quantities and Geographical Origins ............................................................................................................................................ 47 3. Bio-energy Demand Sources in South Australia ................................................................................. 57 4. Logistical Factors Influencing Bio-energy Projects in South Australia ............................................ 68 5. Technological Factors Influencing Bio-energy Projects in South Australia ..................................... 69 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................... 69 5.2 Council Green Waste .................................................................................................................................................................... 69 5.3 Residual Municipal Solid Waste.................................................................................................................................................... 71 5.4 Forestry and Sawmill Residues Project ........................................................................................................................................ 73 5.5 High Moisture Content Organic Feedstock Project ....................................................................................................................... 74 5.6 Straw Feedstock Project ............................................................................................................................................................... 76 5.7 Indicative Small Scale Heating Project ......................................................................................................................................... 78 5.8 Indicative Bio-methane Upgrading Project ................................................................................................................................... 80 5.9 Algae Production for Bio-fuels ...................................................................................................................................................... 81 6. Areas of Opportunity for South Australia ............................................................................................. 83 6.1 Existing Feedstocks ...................................................................................................................................................................... 83 6.2 Purpose Grown Biomass Crops.................................................................................................................................................... 88 7. Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................................................... 92 ii Jacobs Report Appendix A. GIS User Guide Appendix B. References B.1 GIS Maps B.2 Report iii Jacobs Report Abbreviations Abbreviation Full name A$ Australian dollars AD Anaerobic digestion Bn Billion Bxx Xx% blend of biodiesel and mineral diesel C&I Commercial and industrial CAPEX Capital expenditure CGGW Council generated green waste CH4 Methane CHP Combine heat and power CNG Compressed natural gas CO2 Carbon dioxide COD Chemical oxygen demand Cogen Cogeneration EfW Energy from waste EPC Engineer, procure, construct contract EU European Union Exx Xx% blend of ethanol and petrol GJ Gigajoule GWh Gigawatt hours h Hour HHV Higher heating value Jacobs Jacobs Group (Australia) Ltd k Kilo Kraft Kraft pulping process kT Kilo tonnes kW Kilowatt kWh Kilowatt hours L Litre LHV Lower heating value LNG Liquefied natural gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas Filename: A Bioenergy Roadmap for South Australia - Report - Version 1.docx 4 Jacobs Report Abbreviation Full name m3 Cubic metre M Million MBT Mechanical biological treatment MJ/kg Megajoules per kilogram MJ/Nm3 Megajoules per normalise cubic metre ML Megalitre MSW Municipal solid waste MW, MWe, Megawatt, megawatt electrical, megawatt thermal MWth NG Natural gas Nm3/h Normalised cubic meter per hour NSW New South Wales º C Degree Celsius OPEX Operational expenditure ORC Organic Rankine cycle QLD Queensland RDF Refuse derived fuel RE Renewable energy RET Renewable energy target SA South Australia SRF Solid recovered fuel t Tonne Tas Tasmania tpa Tonnes per annum tph Tonnes per hour Vic Victoria WA Western Australia y Year Filename: A Bioenergy Roadmap for South Australia - Report - Version 1.docx 5 Jacobs Report Executive Summary Objective South Australia is actively seeking ways to reduce its greenhouse