Meta-analysis of gender and science research Topic report Horizontal and vertical segregation Draft version – Not to be quoted without authors’ permission September 2010 Danièle Meulders Robert Plasman Audrey Rigo Síle O’Dorchai Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) – Département d’économie appliquée (DULBEA) 1 Table of contents LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................6 LIST OF BOXES............................................................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................8 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................8 1. CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................9 1.1. General definition....................................................................................................................9 1.2. Explanatory theories.............................................................................................................10 1.2.1. Neoclassical theories........................................................................................................10 1.2.1.1. Human capital theory ................................................................................................10 1.2.1.2. The theory of intentional and statistical discrimination............................................11 1.2.1.3. The “job competition model”....................................................................................12 1.2.2. Institutional theories.......................................................................................................12 1.2.2.1. The theory of the segmented labour market..............................................................12 1.2.2.2. Theories based on organisational and technological mutations................................13 1.2.3. Radical and gender theories ...........................................................................................14 1.3. Measures and indicators.......................................................................................................16 1.4. Results of European comparisons........................................................................................20 2.1. Horizontal segregation..........................................................................................................27 2.1.1. Women employed in research ..........................................................................................27 2.1.2. Women employed in research across fields of science....................................................32 2.1.3. Segregation in higher education.......................................................................................38 2.1.4. Segregation in education: fields of science ......................................................................40 2.2. Vertical segregation...............................................................................................................43 3. Gender segregation in the Gender and Science Data Base...................................................51 3.1. Synthesis and statistical analysis of the Gender and Science DataBase...........................51 3.1.1. General overview .............................................................................................................51 3.1.2. Institutional sector............................................................................................................53 3.1.3. Scientific field of study ....................................................................................................53 3.1.4. Life course stage...............................................................................................................54 3.1.5. Methodological approach.................................................................................................54 2 3.1.6. Sub-topics of horizontal and vertical segregation ............................................................57 3.1.7. Evolution of the number of publications between 1980 and 2009...................................57 3.1.8. Horizontal and vertical segregation by country group .....................................................58 3.2. Research questions ................................................................................................................63 3.2.1. Horizontal segregation .....................................................................................................63 3.2.1.1. Educational segregation ............................................................................................63 3.2.1.2. Occupational segregation ..........................................................................................64 3.2.2. Vertical segregation..........................................................................................................66 3.2.2.1. Academia...................................................................................................................67 3.2.2.2. Other/all sectors.........................................................................................................68 3.3. Methodology ..........................................................................................................................69 3.4. Results ....................................................................................................................................76 3.4.1. Horizontal segregation .....................................................................................................76 3.4.1.1. Education...................................................................................................................76 3.4.1.2. Labour market ...........................................................................................................88 3.4.2. Vertical segregation........................................................................................................100 3.4.2.1. Higher education .....................................................................................................100 3.4.2.2. General – Public and private sectors.......................................................................113 4. STATISTICAL GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................120 4.1. Statistical gaps .....................................................................................................................120 4.2. Recommendations ...............................................................................................................123 5. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................127 6. REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................130 3 List of Figures LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................6 FIGURE 1: GENDER OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION IN THE EU, 1992–2007 ....................................20 FIGURE 2: GENDER OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION IN EUROPE, 2007..............................................21 FIGURE 3: GENDER SECTORAL SEGREGATION IN EUROPE, 2007 ......................................................21 FIGURE 4: HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL AND OVERALL SEGREGATION IN EUROPE, 2006 .......................22 FIGURE 5: PROPORTION OF WOMEN IN THE EU-27 FOR TOTAL EMPLOYMENT, TERTIARY EDUCATED AND EMPLOYED (HRSTC) AND SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN 2007, COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE FOR WOMEN AND MEN 2002-2007 ...................................................................28 FIGURE 6: PROPORTION OF FEMALE RESEARCHERS, 2006...............................................................29 FIGURE 7: PROPORTION OF FEMALE RESEARCHERS BY SECTOR, 2006..............................................30 FIGURE 8: PERCENTAGE OF RESEARCHERS WHO ARE WOMEN BY SECTOR IN EU MEMBER STATES, HC, 2000.................................................................................................................................32 FIGURE 9: DISTRIBUTION OF RESEARCHERS IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR (HES) ACROSS FIELDS OF SCIENCE, 2006.........................................................................................................33 FIGURE 10: DISTRIBUTION OF RESEARCHERS IN THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR (GOV) ACROSS FIELDS OF SCIENCE, 2006 ....................................................................................................................34 FIGURE 11: DISTRIBUTION OF RESEARCHERS ACROSS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES (NACE) IN THE BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SECTOR (BES), 2006 ..........................................................................35 FIGURE 12: PROPORTION OF FEMALE PHD (ISCED 6) GRADUATES, 2006.......................................38 FIGURE 13: COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF PHD (ISCED 6) GRADUATES BY SEX, 1998- 2001 AND 2002-2006 ..............................................................................................................39 FIGURE 14: PROPORTIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN A TYPICAL