Vol. 4(8), pp. 125-131, October, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/JLC11.073 Journal of Languages and Culture ISSN 2141-6540 ©2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/JLC Thesis Narrative prose and its different types Zahra Iranmanesh PhD Student in Persian Literature, Research and Science University of Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted 22 November, 2012 INTRODUCTION: PROSE FORMS OR FRAMEWORKS In general, prose is a written word which is near to an meaning that beautiful statements are being used in it; it ordinary, colloquial and oral speech and lack of a literary has eloquence technique and also is arrayed with order, explanation; for example, the prose of several inscriptions arrangement and euphuism or rhythm. which is in a form of Dari language and literary expla- - Non narrative prose as scientific and technical one nation in them that indicates the aim of creating a work in overlooks the literal terms, in general, and considers the the form of Persian Prose is not clear (Zarin Koob, 1986). independent subject, in particular, and also explains it, In particular, prose is a word, although it is not a usual clearly; although it looks the long – drawn out explanation thing in poetry (be particular about rhythm and metric or and prolongation. tune), but involves a literary explanation which is com- mon between poetry and prose, discriminates unusual He divides the narrative and poetic prose as: prose from usual one and colloquial language and extracts speech from the scope of perceptions and - Novels, stories, narrations, and myths. ordinary explanations. Based on the view of deceased - Prose (written in prose) metaphors, ornamental samples, Malekol Shoarae Bahar (1958): "prose is a word or poetic criticism and writings. statement in which there is nothing except simple explanation and fulfilling the aim, free of internal emotions And the non narrative ones as: and feelings, for the speaker as the guidelines of the great ones to the subordinates, explaining an accident by - Scientific knowledge, policy and moral, philosophy and someone to the other or reporting an event that all of proverbs. them should be simple.1 - Translation from the other languages. Khatibi (1987) defines "Morsal Written Prose" which is - History. in the first stage of prose development as: "it is word in - Scientific prose includes encyclopedia, scientific which concepts and meanings are being explained with contents, Gnostic or mystical publications and writings of intellectual arrange, clearly and logically and the only task religious books, interpretations, medical books, and etc.3 in speak is explaining the meaning, sentences connect or link each other by observing the grammar points, the In Europe, prose was divided into four types (historical, meanings are being stated without any cut or deviations, narrative or fictional, educational and pertain to sermon :as the following (خطابی directly, and connecting or separating the sentences or speech depends on the thoughts' sequence, natural method and which is pertain to sermon or speech divided into خطابی - considering the grammar points."2 Ate (1972) divides Persian prose into two parts: narrative and poetic ones religious, panegyric and satirical type. and scientific or technical ones as the following: - Historical type includes historiography, yearbooks or calendars and diary (memories). - Narrative prose is in a relation with poetry, directly; - Narrative or fictional one involves the stories as acci- dental, criminal, emotional or pertains to love. 1 Bahar, Mohammad Taghi, Prose stylistics, V.2., P. 229. 2 Prose technique in Persian literature, p. 29. 3R. K. Ate, Herman., Iran Literature History, pp: 214 – 299. 126 J. Lang. Cult. - Educational type includes human, scientific and philo- Ghajar era (12th and 13th century of A.H.). In this era, sophical culture and also literal and cultural researches. memories, articles, and reports – for common or ordinary addresses- are being added to the previous ones and in , یا تک نگاری the contemporary time, monowriting and types of letters are یا حسب حال Narrative and non narrative prose description of condition being considered in these sets with a modern style. Human being during his life, for presetting the inner or Common patterns or forms in this type of prose include internal concepts and his thoughts in order to using the letter, travel accounts, biography, memories, articles, tongue, handwriting creation, and prose creates various reports, mono – writing, historiography, literary pieces patterns of prose; these patterns divided into two parts: and etc. narrative and non narrative ones. In the second type, the writer does not write based on the personal thoughts and imagination force and also Narrative prose forms or frameworks does not create a written work based on this. This type of prose is a result of accurate and perfect studies of a These texts are personality – oriented; the writer in these writer about a subject, place, life of a person, a fact which texts chooses appropriate personalities; distributes his / is available and etc that all of them must be created or her thoughts among them; encourages interaction among written by him / her. them – based on his / her thoughts, creates adventures Historical events or analysis of an event in the history is until the addresses discover his thought, aim and his as a report about something which is on hand or had message in the emotional space – which can be con- been available; it is a report of trip, travel, political or cealed in the heart of events or adventures by a simple social letter, memories or s.th like them which are in this mechanism and makes (creates) a permanent or domain (this type of prose). everlasting work in their mind. Types of this prose are as fictions, myths, stories, narrations and articles which were Narrative texts: current or common from the beginning of Persian prose - having narrator, in the Sassanian Era (4th century of A.H.) to the beginning - personality - oriented, of Safavieh Era (10th Century of A.H.) with various - having epical, lyrical and educational themes, themes. In this era, story – writing is being added to - having indirect message delivery, these patterns and in the Ghajar Era (12th and 13th - having narrative structure, century of A.H.), European stories – by translation prose - being written in the form of myths, story, tale, play or – became prevalent in the Persian prose and finally, in drama. the Pahlavi Era, form or frame of story became wide- spread in the Persian prose and abundant stories – short Non narrative texts: or long stories - were being written in different themes; - without narrator, afterwards, novel became prevalent; then, dramas and - person - oriented, scenarios or scripts with various themes were added. - having lyrical, educational, mystical, and philosophical Current forms in this type of prose are tale, kinds of themes, stories, novels, dramas and scripts. - having direct message delivery, - having reporting structure, - having real nature, Themes of all kinds of prose - being written in the form of letter, travel account and biography. Theme of prose in the narrative forms could be lyrical, epical, lyrical - epical (romance), educational, mystical, social – criticism and etc with serious style or tone. Non narrative prose forms or frameworks Theme of prose in the non – narrative forms could be informative, educational, mystical, historical, social – These texts are not personality – oriented; the writer in criticism and etc with serious style or tone. these texts organizes his / her thought in the appropriate ways and directions, makes a logical line among them, creates a conceptual arrangement (like a network) for INTRODUCING THE NARRATIVE PROSE FRAMES OR presenting his thoughts to the addressees ((persons) PATTERNS spoken to) and delivers his message, in detail, to them, directly. Ancient Persian texts are the valuable inheritance of the The patterns such as compositions, writings, letters, past as if it puts a sea full of knowledge, culture and thesis, history, travel account, and biography – for special wisdom for the survivors. addressees with various subjects, - were current from the Concealed points in the heart of tales and narrations beginning of Persian prose (fourth century of A.H.) to needs an active and lively soul, "the path of righteous- Iranmanesh 127 ness" relieves by drinking a sip of this wineglass (cup) story. There are different definitions about narration. In and directs them to drinking another cup, eagerly. simplest meaning, narration is a text which explains a Passing of times did not decrease the concealed magic in story and has a story – teller. For example, Scolzokelag, its words and concepts and did not influence on the in "narration – identity", defines narration as: " all literary manifestation of bright lights of its sentences and very texts have two features: story and story – teller".5 likely, its value increased as a gem in the shell. Persian tales are formed from two elements; narration Now, this is a large sea of culture and thought in front and educational point. In comparison with the forms of of us! Which warp and woof in the pattern of a left narrative structures in these days, a story is similar to narration by a narrator's pen could find a novel narration short story and longest ones are similar to long stories in the form of new media as television with special and novels. In any case, the element of narration in each pronunciation of this space and time in the other wear? fictional work allows its story to be present in the different fictional and performing forms and being narrated from tongue of several narrators. Narration is a succession of Persian tales of oral stories or tales' inheritors events but it should not be thought; if a succession of Iranian telling – story has a long background; it is very events put or place next each other, it can form a long, delicate and artistic that attributed to Iranians.