Community water supplies for rural areas of northeastern Thailand. Item Type Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); text Authors Ratananaka, Chaiporn,1944- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 14:55:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191579 COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLIES FOR RURAL AREAS OF NORTHEASTERN THAILAND by Chaiporn Ratananaka A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN HYDROLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1973 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of require- ments for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: (44v-c>ree(? /', Daniel D. Evans 7 :7>3Date Professor of Hydrology and Water Resources ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express appreciation to Dr. Daniel D. Evans, thesis director, for his valuable advice and directions from the early stage of the work to the completion of the thesis. Special thanks are due to Dr. Simon Ince and Dr. Donald Supkow, committee members, for their suggestions and encouragement relating to the completion of the thesis. For providing the necessary data, the author acknowledges, with thanks, Mr. Mintara Silawathshananai. A special thanks also goes to my family for their encouragement throughout the time of the study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vi LIST OF TABLES vii ABSTRACT viii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 General Statement 1 Purpose and Scope 2 Location 3 Physiography 5 Climate 8 Population 10 Maps 10 Geology 10 Phu Kadung Formation 14 Phra Wihan Formation 15 Phu Phan Formation 15 Khok Kruat Formation 16 Salt Formation 16 Groundwater Conditions in Thailand 18 Unconsolidated Rock 18 Consolidated Rock 18 2. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY 20 Estimation of Water Demand 20 Groundwater Analysis 21 Depth to Water Table 21 Distance from Community 25 Water Quality 25 Potential Groundwater Yield 32 Specific Capacity Method 32 Lithological Analysis 33 Pumping Test Analysis Method 36 Cost of Construction 37 Criteria for Selection of Surface Water Project 39 Potential Surface Water Supply . 40 Potential Reservoir Site 40 Water Qualjt), 44 Cost of Construction 44 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS--continued Page 3. APPLICATION TO A SELECTED LOCATION OF THE PROCEDURE 46 Village Description and Water Demand 46 Groundwater Analysis 48 Well Fields 48 The Pumping Test Method 62 Water Quality 69 Economic Analysis 69 Surface Water Analysis 73 Reservoir Site 74 Water Quality 75 Economic Analysis 75 Comparison of Deep Well and Reservoir Alternatives 76 REFERENCES 80 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Index Map of Thailand 4 2. Location Map 6 3. Details to Consider in Sealing and in Base Design of Well 28 4. Design of Community Filtration Tank 31 5. Map of the Study Area in Northeastern Thailand 47 6. Water Level Contour Map Showing Depth to Water Level (in Feet) from Ground Surface in Wet Season 50 7. Map Showing Distribution of Specific Capacity in GPM/Ft 53 8. Semi-Logarithmic Plot of Drawdown of Pumping Well at Nongbua at Rate of 25 GPM by Lithological Analysis and Jacob's Straight-Line Method 63 9. Semi-Logarithmic Plots of Drawdown and Recovery Data of Pumping Well C22KK2 at the Rate of 100 GPM by Jacob's Straight-Line Method 64 10. Semi-Logarithmic Plot of Drawdown Data of Observation Well C3OKK10 by Jacob's Straight-Line Method 65 11. Logarithmic Plot of Computing of Aquifer Constants of Observation Well C74KK30 by Theis' Non-Equilibrium Equation 66 12. Semi-Logarithmic Plot of Drawdown Data of Pumping Well B82KK1 by Jacob's Straight-Line Method 67 13. Semi-Logarithmic Plot of Drawdown of Pumping Well at Nongbua at Rate of 25 GPM by Jacob's Straight-Line Method 68 14. Map of Chloride Concentration in Parts Per Million 70 15. Map of Total Dissolved Solids in Parts Per Million 71 16. Map of Hardness in Parts Per Million 72 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Population in 1972, Area in Square Kilometers and Population Density for the 15 Provinces in Northeast Thailand 11 2. Water Demand 22 3. Estimated Population and Water Demands for Nongbua in 1980 49 4. All Well Data in the Study Area 51 5. Block A: Coefficient of Permeability--Assigned Permeability Value of Water-Bearing 56 6. Block B: Coefficient of Permeability--Assigned Permeability Value of Water-Bearing 57 7. Block C: Coefficient of Permeability--Assigned Permeability Value of Water-Bearing 58 8. Block A: Determination of Transmissivity by Lithologic Analysis 59 9. Block B: Determination of Transmissivity by Lithologic Analysis 60 10. Block C: Determination of Transmissivity by Lithologic Analysis 61 11. Summary of all Data for Comparison 77 vii ABSTRACT It is very difficult to determine a procedure for the evaluation of alternative sources of water supplies, such as groundwater and surface water, when planning for community water supplies for rural area planning in northeastern Thailand. Practically no work has been done to determine the potential water sources of groundwater and surface water, or the most economically feasible sources to develop. In the present study, an attempt has been made to show a method of analysis of groundwater and surface water projects to determine which projects are the best. The five criteria for groundwater analysis to be considered are: depth to water table, distance from community, water quality, well field analysis and project cost. The four criteria for selection of surface water projects are: potential surface water supply, potential reservoir site, water quality and project cost. Finally, domestic water supply for the selection area is analyzed. vi i i CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION General Statement Thailand is located in the extreme southeastern part of Asia, bounded on the east and north by Laos, on the west by Burma, on the southwest by Cambodia, and on the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia. Thailand has an area of 514,000 square kilometers (200,000 square miles) and had a population of about 35 million in 1972. Thailand may be divided into five physiographic provinces. This report covers the northeast province. The northeastern area, known as the Khorat Plateau, has an area of 170,222 square kilometers (65,705 square miles). The general surface of the northeastern area consists of gently rolling hills with scattered flat tops which slope gently to the east. The area consists of two basins, the larger one in the south (Khorat Basin), and the smaller one in the north (Sakom Nakom Basin). The northeastern area has more rain and is colder in winter than any of the other areas of Thailand. The heavy monsoon rains falling on the thin forest cover result in rapid runoff which causes floods almost yearly in the low areas. During the summer, the northeastern area is also the hottest area, which increases the demand for water. In rural Thailand, domestic water is used for drinking, washing, cooking, bathing and sanitary facilities. An inadequate water supply adversely affects: (1) the health of the populace, (2) economic 1 2 development of the area, (3) income of the family, (4) social and educa- tional development, and (5) causes social stability. The effects men- tioned refer, in particular, to the rural areas. In accordance with the public health dictum, a public work project should seek to provide the most good to the most people at the least cost in a minimum of time. The Thai government has built many water projects in rural areas during the past 50 years, but most of the area still does not have adequate water for domestic and livestock demands. The water problems of the area are intensified by the prevailing climatic conditions and the large population scattered throughout 20,000 communities. The critical need is particularly evident during the prolonged dry season, extending over a period of six or more months each year. Twenty years ago, the domestic supply for most communities throughout the area during the dry season consisted of shallow wells, small ponds, small hand-constructed reservoirs, a few springs and sluggish streams which do not flow during the long dry season. Many of these sources were unsanitary and unprotected from constant contamination. Purpose and Scope To date, little work has been done to establish criteria for determining the quantity of available water and the economic feasibility of developing various alternative sources of water supply for a community in the northeastern area. In areas where more than one source of water is available, no determinations have been made as to which project would be most economically feasible to develop. The present study is an attempt to determine an objective procedure for the 3 evaluation of alternative sources of water supply.