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PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF MALE SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND RECALLED CHILDHOOD SEX-TYPED BEHAVIORS by Chavis Alan Patterson submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology Signatures of Committee: Chair: Fantie, PhD. Dean Hamer, Ph.D. ^ennis Murphy, M.Çt lean of ^ C o lle g e Alan Silberberg, Ph D. 1996 American University llil Washington, D C. 20016 àXSBîCm UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9704808 Copyright 1996 by Patterson, Chavis Alan All rights reserved. mvn Microform 9704808 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © COPYRIGHT by CHAVIS ALAN PATTERSON 1996 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF MALE SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND RECALLED CHILDHOOD SEX-TYPED BEHAVIORS BY CHAVIS A. PATTERSON ABSTRACT I explored the relationships between sexual orientation, recalled childhood sex-typed behavior (RCSTB), and personality traits in a group of 145 heterosexual and 114 homosexual men. The Kinsey scales assessed the participants’ sexual orientation a questionnaire assessed recalled childhood sex-typed behaviors, and the Neuroticism Extraversion and Openness Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) and 16 Personality Factor Inventory (16PF) defined personality traits. In agreement with previous research, there was a strong correlation between sexual orientation and recalled childhood sex- typed behaviors. Heterosexual men recalled stereotypically masculine childhoods whereas homosexual men described more diverse and generally more feminine activities. As expected from the literature, significant correlations were obtained between sexual orientation and three domains of adult personality. Compared to heterosexual men, gay men were more tender-minded and ascetic; more open to different values, feelings, and actions, and more anxious. In heterosexual men, childhood femininity was associated with multiple adult characteristics including tender-mindedness, openness, introversion, and lack of conscientiousness. In contrast, with gay men the main adult correlate of Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. childhood femininity was anxiety. This provides the first indication that the origins or development of sex-typed behaviors in gay men may be qualitatively different than in heterosexual men. 1 discuss the implications of this finding for the further understanding of the complex interactions among personality, sexuality, and childhood behavior. Ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In such an undertaking, there are always a number of people who should be acknowledged for their contributions. I would like to thank my committee members; Dean Hamer, Bryan Fantie, Alan Silberberg, and Dennis Murphy. 1 would like to thank Dean (and the lab of gene structure) for allowing me to work in the laboratory on the NIH campus and assisting with the research. His consistent help, support, and encouragement made this process extremely enjoyable. 1 would like thank Bryan Fantie for his continued support and confidence in me during my development as a researcher. 1 would also like to thank Dennis Murphy and Aan Silberberg for taking time out of their schedule to provide constructive and insightful feedback. 1 wish to thank a number of family, friends, and colleagues who made the process a little more bearable in stressful times; Sylvia and Theodore Patterson, Mark Nelson, J. Frederick Long, Nancy Shapiro, Phil Fisher, Tom Hays, Amy Sample, Michelle Sedgewick, Judi Kinney, Scott Parker, Sara Holland, Terri Hazapis, Louis Murdock and Mary Lanman. And finally, 1 wish to thank my wife, Janet, for her enduring support through this bizarre and foreign process, we call graduate school. IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... ü ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................... vü LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... vüi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ I Early Psychodynamic and Social Learning Theories Adult Sex-Typed Characteristics and Personality Structure Childhood Sex-Typed Behaviors Sexual Differentiation of the Brain Genetic Factors 2. METHODS .........................................................................................................16 Subjects Recruitment Demographic Information 3. PROCEDURE.................................................................................................... 20 Instruments General Questionnaire Sexual Orientation Assessment Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Recalled Childhood Sex-Typed Behavior Scale Personality Assessment Factor Structure of the Personality Inventories DNA Assessment 4. RESULTS..........................................................................................................25 Sexual Orientation vs. Recalled Childhood Sex-Typed Behaviors Sexual Orientation vs. 16 PF Personality Factor Traits Sexual Orientation vs. NEO-PI-R Personality Inventory Traits Recalled Childhood Sex-Typed Behaviors vs. Personality Traits 5. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................... 29 Sexual Orientation and Recalled Childhood Sex-Typed Behaviors Sexual Orientation and Personality Recalled Childhood Sex-Typed Behaviors and Personality Limitations Prospects APPENDICES ................................................................................................................42 REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 55 VI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Demogiaphics...................................................................................................................19 Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Inventory .........................................................................43 Factor Loadings for the NEO-PI-R and the 16 P F .......................................................... 45 Correlations Between Sexual Orientation and Recalled Childhood Sex-Typed Behaviors ................................................................ 47 Correlations Between Sexual Orientation and 16 PF Personality Factors ......................................................................................... 48 CoiTelations Between Sexual Orientation and NEO-PI-R Personality Factors ................................................................................... 49 Conelations Between Recalled Childhood Sex-Typed Behaviors and 16 PF Personality Factors ..........................................................................................50 Con elations Between