Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42410-3 — Italy's Jews from Emancipation to Fascism Shira Klein Index More Information Index Academy of Italy, 54–55 Almansi, Dante, 46 acculturation, 9, 29 Alpenvorland, 118 see also assimilation Altmann, Ferdinando, 216 Addis Ababa, 52 American Jewish Committee, 154–155 administrative regulations. See Racial Laws American Jews. See Jews, American Adriatisches Kustenland, 118 American Joint Distribution Committee adults, Jewish, 52, 173–174, 175–176 (the Joint) see also age; youth, Jewish aid work in Italy, 184–185, 187 advertising, 64–65, 98 budgets and reports, 192 Africa conflict with Italian Jews, 11, 188, 192, colonization of, 5–6, 50 196–197 and Italian racism, 50, 91–93, 148 emigration assistance, 95 Jewish support for, 12, 50–51 financial assistance of, 185–186, Jews in, 68–69 187 retaining colonies in, 225 fundraising in Italy, 190–191 violence in, 230 goal of, 187 white supremacy doctrine, 50, 148 gratitude for, 187 age, 165, 173, 179, 192–193, 212 reclaiming jobs and property, 186 see also adults, Jewish; youth, Jewish American Red Cross, 136, 185 Agency for Real Estate Management and Americans Liquidation (EGELI), 97, 101, 116, anti-Semitism of, 143 183 bullying Italians Americans, 133 agriculture and agricultural life Japanese, 133 dislike of, 165, 166 public opinion of Italy, 132, 152–153 Jews working in, 31, 166 see also Jews, American; United States school for, 160, 165 Americans, Italian and Zionist culture, 158–159, anti-Semitism of, 140–141 163–164 blaming Germany for war, 152 Albertine Statute, 23–24 and Fascism, 138–139, 140, 151–152 Alessandria, 20, 31 and refugees, 140, 141 aliens, enemy, 133–134 amnesty, for war crimes, 216 Aliens Act, 1905, 37 amulets, 82 aliya (ascent), 157 Ancona, 20, 37 Aliyat Hanoar. See Youth Aliya program Ancona Jewish community, 20, 25, 31, Allied Forces 88–89, 194–195 Allied Control Commission, 191 anti-Fascist activism and end of racial laws, 112 Antonini, 138–139, 152 liberation of Italy, 111, 112 Croce, 47, 107 propaganda of, 136, 138, 150–151, of Italian Jews, 47 223 of refugees in United States, 137–139 allowances, 32, 142–143, 185–186, response to, 54 207–208 risk of, 48 351 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42410-3 — Italy's Jews from Emancipation to Fascism Shira Klein Index More Information 352 Index anti-Semitism athletics, Jewish, 200 and anti-African racism, 91–93 Auschwitz in Austria, 37 and chief rabbis, 184 blame for, 90–91, 148–149, 216–217 deportation to, 112, 113, 114–115 in Britain, 37 experiences at, 114–115 and Catholic Church, 36–37, 53 fatality rates, 115 in children’s literature, 103 memory focusing on, 222 and Eastern European Jews, 38 train journey to, 114 and Fascist regime, 4, 91, 217–218 see also camps, concentration in France, 37–38 Austria, 20, 21, 37, 40 in Germany, 2–3, 37 and Italian reputation, 2–3, 4, 85–86, Badoglio, Pietro, 111, 112, 152–153 217–218, 223–225 Balbo, Italo, 46, 69 Jewish perception of, 54, 55–56 Il Balilla, 103 moderate nature of, 16, 37 Balkans, 101–102, 116–117, 120, newspapers and propaganda, 37, 53, 226 102–103, 149–150 baptism of ordinary Italians, 55, 102–108 forced, 26 prior to racial laws, 21, 22, 29, 37, interfaith marriage and, 77 52–56 post-war, 193–194 records on, 201 and racial classification, 87–88 in United States, 140–141, 143 and racial laws, 99 see also brava gente myth; racism Bar Mitzvahs. See coming of age Antonini, Luigi, 138–139, 152 celebrations, Jewish 1948 Arab–Israeli War, 176, 178, 212 Bassani,Italo,94 Arab Revolt, 160 Bat Mitzvahs. See coming of age Arendt, Hannah, 233 celebrations, Jewish Arezzo, 20 Bemporad, Memo, 73, 94, 100, 106, arks, 215, 228 224 armistice, 111, 112, 152–153 benevolence myth. See brava gente myth army, British, 177, 206–208 Benghazi, 68, 69 army, Italian. See military, Italian betrayal. See denunciation arrests, 48, 54, 117, 119 Bible, 74, 75 see also roundups of Jews Birkat Kohanim (Priestly Blessing), art, Jewish, 81–82, 215 73 Aryan, Fascist definition of, 87–88 Birnbaum, Pierre, 39 “Aryanization” of real estate, 97 Black Brigades, 125–126 Asefat Hanivharim, 160 blackmail, of Jews, 113, 125, 129–130 Ashkenazi tradition, 81 black market, food, 183 assimilation Blackshirts, 43 and brava gente myth, 71 Bnei Akiva, 200 concept of “diaspora” and, 212 Boetto, Pietro, 122 and Italian Jews, 11, 75, 187–188, 193 Bologna Jewish community scholarship on, 8–11 population of, 31 see also acculturation roundup of Jews, 114 Association of Italian Jewish Immigrants synagogue of, 185, 196 (Irgun Olei Italia), 166, 168, 176–177, Youth Circle, 199 178, 211 and Zionism, 207 Association of Italian Jewish Women Bolzano transit camp, 118 establishment of, 63 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 21–22, 58 foreign branches, 69 books, Jewish Our Review, 195 Bible translation, 74, 75 and Palestine, 70 forbidden, 86 postwar growth, 194–195 growth of industry, 65–66, 194 and Turin synagogue, 197 on Jewish suffering, 227 Zionist activities of, 214–215 removed from libraries, 98 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42410-3 — Italy's Jews from Emancipation to Fascism Shira Klein Index More Information Index 353 Sefer and Sfarim fundraising books, on Jewish congregations in United 69–70, 213 States, 146 see also press, Jewish and Jewish singer, 146 bourgeois families. See middle class on loyalty to United States, 135 brava gente myth (“Good Italian” myth) in music festival, 46–47 Eichmann in Jerusalem, 233 music of, 41, 137 in film, 5, 6, 218 on opera and Italians, 34 Jews’ promotion of, 2–3, 4, 8, 18, on synagogue attendance, 72–73 85–86, 131–132, 147–155, 217–218, Catholic Church and Catholicism 223–225, 231 and constitutions, 23, 24, 26 motivations for, 150 defamation of Jews, 36–37, 53 overview, 1–2 and Jewish religious reform, 75 persistence of, 4–5, 234–235 and racial campaign, 99–100 scholarship on, 2–4 sheltering Jews, 121–122 selective Holocaust narrative, 216–217, see also Vatican 225–227 Catholics, classified as Jews, 88 Britain. See Great Britain Cattaneo, Carlo, 23 British Jewish Welfare Board, 185 Cavour, Camillo Benso conte di, 22 British Mandate of Palestine. See Palestine cemeteries, Jewish, 78 The Bulletin of the Jewish Community of census, 34, 87, 88, 107, 117 Milan, 194, 213, 224 Center for Contemporary Jewish Documentation (CDEC), 201 Cagli, Corrado, 136, 144, 149, 153 Center for the Diaspora (Merkaz LaGola), Cagli, Ebe, 137, 143–144, 146 207 Calabi, Giuseppe, 135, 139, 153 Central Delegation of Charity, Rome, Calabi, Maria, 142, 153 62 Calabi, Tullia, 139 Le Chagrin et la Pitié, 232 Calabresi, Massimo, 136–137, 150 Chaplin, Charlie, 133 Campi, Claudio “David,” 77, 169, 170, charity 171, 173 centralization of, 62 Campi, Livio, 77, 158, 169 of Italian Jews, 62–63, 80–81 camps, concentration and Jewish women, 63, 195 Bolzano transit camp, 118 and refugees in United States, 142–143, extermination camps, 113, 114–115 153–154 Fossoli, 117–118 see also allowances; mutual-aid societies andItaliangovernment,98 children. See youth, Jewish Police Order Number 5, 115 children’s home, Rehovot, 214 release of Jews from, 111 choirs, Jewish, 74 see also Auschwitz Christian Democrats, 225, 226 camps, Jewish displaced people, 195 Christians, employment of, 25, 34, 89–90 camps, Jewish summer, 70, 200, 215 circumcision (milà), 75–76 Cantoni, Giulio, 34, 96, 149 citizenship, revoked, 90 Cantoni, Raffaele, 191, 192, 193, 213 Cividalli, Gualtiero, 165, 167 capital, Aryanization of, 97 Cividalli, Paola, 178, 179 Captain Corelli’s Mandolin,6 civilians, Italian. See Italians, non-Jew Carlo Alberto, House of Savoy, 23–24, 29 civil service, Jews in, 31 Casa Editrice Israel, 65–66 La Civiltà Cattolica,36 Casale Monferrato Jewish community, 20, clothing 31, 58, 104 and emancipation, 35 Casati Law of 1859, 61 immigrants and, 145, 167 Casper, Bernard, 207 khaki, 164, 169 Castelbolognesi, Carlo, 173, 210, 213 in Palestine, 156, 164 Castelbolognesi, Nello, 173, 174 of rabbis and cantors, 74 Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Mario required, 21 on enemy alien label, 134 World War I, 42 on Italian anti-Semitism, 149 Zofim uniforms, 200 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42410-3 — Italy's Jews from Emancipation to Fascism Shira Klein Index More Information 354 Index Cohen, Marco “Mordechai,” 170, 171, convents, 121–122 173 conversion, religious Cold War, 226, 232–233 exclusion from racist measures, 99 colonialism forced, 26, 27 Italian empire, 5–6, 50 interfaith marriage and, 77 Italian rivalry with Britain and France, Mortara Affair, 26, 27 50 post-war, 193–194 Jewish names and, 51 and racial classification, 87–88 Jewish support for, 12, 50–51, 148 cookbook, 194 white supremacy doctrine, 50, 148 coreligionists, in Africa, 68–69 Comasebit, 95 Il Corriere Israelitico, 27, 28, 38, 76 coming of age celebrations, Jewish, 76–77, councils, community, 47, 63 197–198 Countercurrent, 137, 148, 152 commerce, Jews and, 31–32 The Courage and the Pity, 232 communal life, in kibbutzim, 173–174 crematorium, 115, 118 communism, 44, 53, 225–226, 232–233 Croce, Benedetto, 47, 107 see also socialism culture, Italian Jewish community, Italian Jewish assimilation. See assimilation bankruptcy and taxes, 21 burial traditions, 78–79 community councils, 47, 63 changes in, 63–71 Consortium of the Italian Jewish domestic Judaism, 67 Communities, 60 of Italian Jews, 57–84 dissociation from, 61 literary and artistic activities, 68 financial aid, postwar, 185–186 in Palestine, 157–163 mandatory membership in, 59, 60–61, and patriotism.