The Handbook: Ecological Economics from the Bottom-Up THE CEECEC Network CSO Partners Centre for Science and Environment, India Centre pour l'Environnement et le Développement, Cameroon Acción Ecológica, Ecuador Ecological Society Endemit, Serbia A Sud - Ecologia e Cooperazione, Italy Vlaams Overleg Duurzame Ontwikkeling, Belgium (Flanders) Sunce, Association for Nature, Environment and Sustainable Development, Croatia Instituto Rede Brasileira Agroflorestal, Brazil Research Partners ICTA, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain (CEECEC Coordinators) IFF, Universität Klagenfurt, Austria GEPAMA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Foundation of the Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Portugal Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium SERI Nachhaltigkeitsforschungs und Kommunikations GmbH, Austria 2 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION / HOW TO USE THIS HANDBOOK 5 TRANSPORT Chapter 1: THE MANTA–MANAOS PROJECT: NATURE, CAPITAL AND PLUNDER 7 Keywords: Social Metabolism, Material Flows, Transport Infrastructure, Amazon, Local Knowledge, Resource Extraction Conflicts, Chinese Economy, Free Trade Treaties, Languages of Valuation, Commodity Chains, Commodity Frontiers, Mega-Projects Chapter 2: HIGH SPEED TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE (TAV) IN ITALY 23 Keywords : Transport and Energy, Material Flows, Participative Democracy, Cost Benefit Analysis, Multi Criteria Evaluation, High Speed, NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard), Activist Knowledge, Externalities, Weak Sustainability MINING Chapter 3: THE MINING ENCLAVE OF THE ―CORDILLERA DEL CÓNDOR 49 Keywords: Open-Pit Mining, Non-Renewable Resources, Biodiversity Hotspot, Corporate Social Responsibility, Environmental Liabilities, Hydroelectric Dams, Canadian Mining Companies, International Conservationism, Commodity Frontiers, Weak Sustainability, ―Accumulation by Dispossession‖, Environmentalism of the Poor AID AND DISASTERS Chapter 4: AID, SOCIAL METABOLISM AND SOCIAL CONFLICT IN THE NICOBAR ISLANDS 79 Keywords: Humanitarian Aid, Complex Disasters, Material and Energy Flows, Working Time, Property Rights, Community Ownership, Subsistence Economy, Natural Disasters FOREST MANAGEMENT Chapter 5: PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT IN MENDHA LEKHA, INDIA 92 Keywords: Biomass Economy, Rural Development, Gross Nature Product, Well-Being, GDP Of The Poor, Joint Forest Management, Watershed Management, Social Capital, Property Rights, Consensual Democracy, Community Rights, Inclusive Institutions, Livelihood Security, Needs, Rights-Based Approach Chapter 6: FORESTRY AND COMMUNITIES IN CAMEROON 108 Keywords: Industrial Logging, Property Rights, Community Forests, Commodity Chains, Ecologically Unequal Exchange, Cost Shifting, Corporate Accountability, Corruption, Wood Certification, Fair Trade, Consumer Blindness, Languages of Valuation, FLEGT-VPA. WETLANDS AND WATER MANAGEMENT Chapter 7: LET THEM EAT SUGAR: LIFE AND LIVELIHOOD IN KENYA‘S TANA DELTA 138 Keywords: Wetlands, RAMSAR Convention, Land Grabbing, Irrigation, Pastoralists, Property Rights, Customary Rights, Bio-Fuels, HANPP (Human Appropriation of Net Primary Product), EROI (Energy Returned on Energy Input) Virtual Water, GDP of the Poor, Resilience Chapter 8: LOCAL GOVERNANCE AND ENVIRONMENT INVESTMENTS IN HIWARE BAZAR, INDIA 152 Keywords: Environmental Investments, Rural Poverty, Water Governance, Grazing Rights, Collective Decision-Making, Community Resource Management, Water Harvesting, NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act), Institutional Innovations, Property Rights, Virtual Water, Bio-gas, Livelihood Security. 3 TOURISM AND NATIONAL PARK MANAGEMENT Chapter 9: NAUTICAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE LASTOVO ISLANDS NATURE PARK 169 Keywords: Nautical Tourism, Marine Biodiversity, Depopulation, Landscape Value, Physical Planning, Property Rights, Protected Area Management, Carrying Capacity, Resilience, Local Communities, Public Participation, Willingness To Pay, Economic Instruments For Tourism Management Chapter 10 : LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS IN SERBIA 198 Keywords: National Parks, Dams and Hydroelectricity, Depopulation, Co-Management, Eco- Tourism, Forest Economics, Local Livelihood Opportunities, Ecosystem Services, Krutilla‘s Rule, Cost Benefit Analysis, Cultural Heritage, Trans-boundary Cooperation PAYMENTS FOR ECOSYTEM SERVICES Chapter 11: PAYMENTS FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (PES) IN INDIA FROM THE BOTTOM- UP 226 Keywords: Willingness to Pay, Opportunity Cost, Coasian Bargaining, PES, Transaction Costs, Community roperty Rights, CDM, REDD, Forests Chapter 12: THE POTENTIAL OF REDD AND LEGAL RESERVE COMPENSATION IN MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL 235 Keywords: Biodiversity Valuation, Ecological Economic Zoning, Avoided Deforestation, Carbon Trade, PES, Opportunity Cost, Institutional Innovations, Stakeholder Participation, Public Policy Formulation WASTE Chapter 13: THE WASTE CRISIS IN CAMPANIA, ITALY 259 Keywords: Hazardous Waste, Ecomafia, Externalities as Cost Shifting Successes, Post-Normal Science, ―Zero Waste‖, Incinerators, Lawrence Summers‘ Principle, DPSIR (Driving Forces, Pressures, States, Impacts, Responses), Corruption, Democracy Crisis, EROI (Energy Returned on Energy Input) CORPORATE ACCOUNTABILITY Chapter 14: ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND ECOLOGICAL DEBT IN BELGIUM: THE UMICORE CASE 294 Keywords: Ecological Debt, Lead Pollution, Manufacturing of Uncertainty, Environmental Justice, Popular Epidemiology, Historic Liability, Environmental Externalities, Corporate Accountability/Liability, Value of Human Life, Ecological Modernisation, Discount Rate, Greenwash GLOSSARY TABLE OF CONTENTS 325 4 INTRODUCTION This handbook, comprised of 14 chapters and a glossary, is the product of collaborative efforts between environmental activists and ecological economists from around the world, all belonging to the CEECEC network (see List of Partner Organisations). CEECEC (www.ceecec.net) is a project funded by the European Commission‘s Science in Society programme, running from April 2008-September 2010, under the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). Its overarching objective is twofold: to build the capacity of civil society organisations (CSOs) to participate in and lead ecological economics research on sustainability issues for the benefit of their organisational goals, while at the same time to enrich ecological economics research with highly valuable activist knowledge. CEECEC has taken an approach illustrative of what Andrew Stirling of SPRU (Science and Technology Policy Research), University of Sussex, has called cooperative research. This is a new form of research process which involves both researchers and non-researchers in close co-operative engagement, encompassing a full spectrum of approaches, frameworks and methods, from interdisciplinary collaboration through stakeholder negotiation to transdisciplinary deliberation and citizen participation. This is not new in practice. For instance, the first reports on the State of the Environment in India were put together in the 1980s by drawing on knowledge of both activist organizations and academics across the sub-continent. In CEECEC, CSO partners with total autonomy chose the conflicts they wanted to focus on to develop case studies. The CEECEC team at ICTA UAB, other academic partners, and other participating CSOs, further developed the case study drafts, deciding on the appropriate concepts from ecological economics to be applied or presented in those contexts. Environmental CSOs, particularly those concerned with environmental justice (we refer to these as Environmental Justice Organisations, or EJOs), frequently carry out research on environmental conflicts, writing reports as part of their advocacy work. What CEECEC provided to these EJOs was a critical audience of interested activist and academic partners who asked questions, gave encouragement, made comparisons, and suggested key words and references, keeping in mind the final objective of developing a Handbook (as well as a series of lectures) useful for teaching ecological economics from the "bottom-up" instead of from first principles. The resulting Handbook chapters are the product of cooperatively written case studies of environmental conflict, real examples through which the concepts and tools of ecological economics are taught from the bottom-up. Chapter one, entitled The Manta–Manaos Project: Nature, Capital and Plunder comes from Accion Ecologica in Quito, Ecuador, and describes conflicts related to plans for a multimodal transport corridor that will eventually connect Ecuador to Brazil. Chapter 2, also transport related, comes from A Sud in Rome, Italy. Entitled High Speed Transport Infrastructure (TAV) in Italy, it looks at the conflict that arose in Val di Susa near Torino. Chapter 3 also comes from Accion Ecologica in Ecuador, and as the title The Mining Enclave of the Cordillera del Cóndor suggests, is related to mining and mineral extraction by transnational companies in the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazon in territory belonging to the Shuar people. Chapter 4, from the Institute of Social Ecology in Vienna, Austria is called Aid, Social Metabolism and Social Conflict in the Nicobar Islands and looks at the impacts on the local population of the tsunami of 2004 and the emergency ―aid‖ that followed, and how the use of materials and energy changed in these communities. Chapter 5, written by the Centre for Science and Environment in New Delhi, India moves on to the topic of Participatory Forest Management in Mendha Lekha, a tribal or adivasi village in Maharashtra,