MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF MEDIA AND SOCIETY STUDIES Dissertation topic: A SOCIAL-SEMIOTIC ENGAGEMENT WITH OPPOSITION SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN ONLINE NEWSPAPERS IN ZIMBABWE. CASE OF #THIS FLAG IN THE HERALD ONLINE. BY HAPPINESS CHIKWANHA R131261B DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN MEDIA AND SOCIETY STUDIES NOVEMBER 2017 ABSTRACT The study set out to establish the social-semiotic engagement of oppositional social movements with online newspapers with specific focus on The Herald Online and #This Flag in the period between Aril 2016 and June 2017. While a lot of work has been done around online media globally and in Africa and Zimbabwe in particular a gap still exists in how mainstream media, particularly The Herald newsier has used digital media in its engagement with opposition political forces, particularly opposition social movements which have been critical in the removal of entrenched authoritarian regimes elsewhere. The study took a qualitative approach and used archival digital data gathering methods and interviews whilst social-semiotics and critical discourse analysis were used to interpret and resent the data gathered. Theoretically the study employed Robert Merton’s structural strain theory to explain the causes of social activism whilst The Herald online texts were explored through Gramscian lenses. The study also employed Vannever Bush’s hypermedia theory in exploring the role of The Herald Online audiences in the engagement of the newsier and #This Flag. The study established that The Herald Online sought to defend its support of the government of the day resenting #This Flag as an imperialist project through the use of editorial cartoons, hard news and opinion reports. The study also established that The Herald Online sought to downplay #This Flag activities referring not to recognize the social movement by name. The study therefore recommended that The Herald Online would not lose anything by accommodating dissent in its mainstream reports yet maintain its pro-government position as a way of authenticating its defence of the status quo where the latter’s policies are justifiably beneficial to society. ii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................... i ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background to the study ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Research Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.4.1 Main Research Question ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 Sub-questions ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Research assumptions ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.6 Justification of the study ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.7 Delimitations of the study....................................................................................................................... 8 1.8 Limitations of the study .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework......................................................................... 11 2.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Literature review ................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Global history and evolution of social movements ........................................................................... 12 2.1.2 World Opposition political approaches ............................................................................................. 22 2.1.3 Zimbabwe opposition politics ............................................................................................................ 32 2.1.4 Zimbabwean politicians and leadership approaches ......................................................................... 35 2.1.5 Online newspapers and coverage of social movements ................................................................... 41 2.1.6 National flags and symbols in protests .............................................................................................. 51 2.2 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................................... 53 2.2.1 The theory of hegemony .................................................................................................................... 53 2.2.2 Structural-Strain Theory as Social Movement Theory ....................................................................... 55 2.2.3 Hypermedia Theory ........................................................................................................................... 56 2.2.4. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 57 Chapter 3: Research methodologies ........................................................................................................... 58 3.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 58 3.1 Qualitative Research ............................................................................................................................. 58 iii 3.2 Case Study ............................................................................................................................................. 59 3.3 Ethical considerations ........................................................................................................................... 61 3.4. Reflexivity ............................................................................................................................................. 62 3.5 Unit of analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 62 3.6 Sampling techniques ............................................................................................................................. 63 3.6.1 Convenience sampling ....................................................................................................................... 63 3.6.2 Purposive Sampling ............................................................................................................................ 64 3.7 Data gathering methods ....................................................................................................................... 64 3.7.1 Autoethnography ............................................................................................................................... 64 3.7.2 Digital archival research ..................................................................................................................... 66 3.7.3 Visual anthropology ........................................................................................................................... 67 3.7.4 Unstructured face-to-face interviews ................................................................................................ 67 3.8 Data analysis methods .......................................................................................................................... 67 3.8.1 Social semiotics theory ...................................................................................................................... 68 3.8.2 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ....................................................................................................... 69 3.8.3 Methods of data presentation ........................................................................................................... 70 3.8.4 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................................