ΚΑΙΟΝΑΡΚΑΙΥΠΑΡ:DREAMING IN THEANCIENT NOVEL DavidPaulChristianCarlisle A dissertationsubmittedtothe faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill inpartial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy inthe DepartmentofClassics. ChapelHill 2009 Approvedby: Advisor:WernerRiess Reader: FredS.Naiden Reader:JamesB.Rives Reader:MichaelB.Trapp Reader:CecilW.Wooten ©2009 DavidPaulChristianCarlisle ALLRIGHTSRESERVED ii ABSTRACT DAVIDP.C.CARLISLE:Κα ναρ κα παρ: DreamingintheAncient Novel (Underthedirectionof WernerRiess) This dissertation is a study of dreaming as a narrative device in the eight canonical ancient novels: Chariton’s Callirhoe , Xenophon of Ephesus’ Ephesiaca , Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon , Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe , Heliodorus’ Aethiopica ,Petronius’ Satyrica ,Apuleius’ Metamorphoses ,andthe anonymous Historia Apollonii .It argues that the recurrent motif of dreaming inthese works is best understood as a central element ina religious structure whichis characteristic of the ancient novels, andconcludes that religious ideas are an important part of these novels: not as part of their “message,” but as a pattern of cultural expectations upon which they draw to achieve anemotionaleffectuponthereader. The first twochapters lookat the way dreams operate purely withinthe narrative universe of the novels themselves.Inthe first chapter,evidence is presentedtosupport the claim that dreams inthe ancient novels are for the most part assumed tobe divine in origin.The secondchapter investigates the reasons these dreams are sent, andconcludes thatwhiletheymayhavevariousroles,orevennorole atall,inshapingthenovels’ plots, the one constant is that they are sent for their beneficial emotional effect onthe dreamer or protagonist. The thirdandfourthchapters askhow these functions of dreams withinthe novels canbe connected tothe role of the novels inthe real world. The third chapter argues that iii the dreams have a metalingual function in relation to the novels themselves: they essentialize the novels by providing insight into their basic structures of meaning in simplified and thus more easily comprehensible form. The emotional effect and connectionwiththe divine providedtothe protagonists throughtheir dreams is thereby offered to the reader through the novels. The fourth chapter examines these related functions of religious meaning and emotional effect, and shows how they fit into and offer evidence for the sociohistorical context of the novels. It concludes with a brief examinationofthedreamsineachofthenovelstakenindividually. iv PARENTIBUSOPTIMIS …athocnunc lausillisdebeturetame gratiamaior . v ACKNACKNOWLEDGOWLEDGOWLEDGEEEEMENTSMENTS This work wouldnever have reachedcompletion hadit not been for the help I receivedfrom numerous people; indeed, were it not for convention,the title page would bear dozens of names beside my own inthe place reservedfor the author.I here name and thank with all my heart those whom I can at this moment call to mind. I will undoubtedly neglect toname some,through my ownflawedmemory andnot any fault of theirs; to them, I offer my sincerest apologies in addition to the unmentioned but not undeservedthanks. Tomy advisor Professor Werner Riess belongs a place outside the rest; it is to him that my mind first turns when I think of the debts I incurred while pursuing this project, for it is he who set me on this path, who encouraged me when I had doubts, challengedme when I became toosecure,andabove all providedmy linktothe scholarly community I was striving tojoin; my gratitude to him must be voicedbefore I evenbegin tolistalloftheothersuponwhoseaidIdepended. First, for their generous financial support in the final year of this project, the Graduate School at the University of NorthCarolina at Chapel Hill has my gratitude.I thank my readers next, for the unique insight each offered for my work, and for the unique challenges eachhappily facedinbringing that insight tome: James Rives,for his willingness toread everything I sent him carefully andcritically at a time that was more busy for him thanmost others; Cecil Wooten,for his encouragement andwillingness to workwithme from overseas; Michael Trapp,for graciously accepting the constraints of a vi hasty and rather inconvenient schedule, and producing extremely useful and incisive commentsnonetheless; FredNaiden,forhisreadinesstosignontothe projectdespiteour shortacquaintanceandhisnewnessatChapelHill. The support I received at Chapel Hill was by no means provided only by my committee. I want to thank Professor Sharon James for her help with the other great challenge I facedwhile I was writing, andface evennow as I put the finishing touches on this project. Professors Donald Haggis, Peter Smith, Rebekah Smith, James O’Hara, William Race,KennethSams,RichardPfaff,and George Houstonwere all generous with their time andattentionat various times whenI was inneedof assistance or friendship. Andof course I couldnot have survived graduate school without my friends: Jeff,Hilary, Dennis,Erika,Paul,Franny,Drew,Derek,Chris,Amanda,Sean,Liz,Beth,Sheri,Dan, Rachel,Liz W.,Erin,Isaac,Rayna,Lucy, andAndy.My dearest friends deserve special thanks,if only because they were forcedtospendmore time encouraging or consoling me:Anderson,John,Rob,Courtney,andMorgan(andAlexis). My gratitude tomy family is inexpressible; I must therefore satisfy myself with saying simply that without them I would not exist, let alone have come this far. My family-inlaw was especially supportive while I workedonthis project,andsoI would like tobeginby thanking Youngtae,Dawn,Jason,andTimothy. I have more things to thankJoseph,Amy,Christopher,ColleenandThomas for thanI canhope torecall; this is but the most recent entry in a very long list. Finally and most emphatically, I wish to thankmywifeArum,whoseloveisthe sinequanon forallthat Iachieve. vii TABLE OFCONTENTS Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 ChapterOne:“TheDivineWillWhisperat Night…”...................................................... 22 TheDivineOriginofDreams:Chariton’s Callirhoe ..................................................... 28 XenophonofEphesus’ Ephesiaca ................................................................................. 32 AchillesTatius’ LeucippeandClitophon ...................................................................... 36 Heliodorus’ Aethiopica andLongus’ DaphnisandChloe ............................................. 39 Petronius’ Satyrica ......................................................................................................... 44 Apuleius’ Metamorphoses andtheAnonymous HistoriaApolloniiRegisTyri ........... 47 ChapterTwo:“TakeHeartandBeGlad”......................................................................... 53 Chariton’s Callirhoe ...................................................................................................... 55 XenophonofEphesus’ Ephesiaca ................................................................................. 68 AchillesTatius’ LeucippeandClitophon ...................................................................... 73 Longus’ DaphnisandChloe .......................................................................................... 83 Heliodorus’ Aethiopica .................................................................................................. 93 The LatinNovels ......................................................................................................... 110 Conclusion................................................................................................................... 120 ChapterThree:“ADreamandaStory”.......................................................................... 123 TheMetalingualFunctionofDreaming ...................................................................... 123 Dreamsas “Essentializations”..................................................................................... 137 viii Marriage andOtherHappyEndings............................................................................ 171 ChapterFour:“DoNot Weep,ForYouShall NotDie…”............................................. 192 Religion,Emotion,andSociety................................................................................... 192 Petronius ...................................................................................................................... 224 Apuleius....................................................................................................................... 229 The HART ................................................................................................................... 234 Chariton ....................................................................................................................... 237 XenophonofEphesus.................................................................................................. 244 AchillesTatius............................................................................................................. 249 Longus ......................................................................................................................... 252 Heliodorus ................................................................................................................... 258 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 267