Immigration in Context: A Resource Guide for Utah The University of Utah Honors Think Tank On Immigration 1 176818 U of U.R1 1 5/8/07 10:56:50 AM 176818 U of U.R1 2 5/8/07 10:56:51 AM FOREWORD INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................3 HISTORY AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION...................................................................................................5 HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION AND THE UNITED STATES........................................................................5 A TIMELINE.....................................................................................................................................................8 AN IN-DEPTH VIEW......................................................................................................................................13 The Chinese Exclusion Act...........................................................................................................................13 Bracero Program..........................................................................................................................................14 Operation Wetback.......................................................................................................................................15 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).......................................................................................16 ECONOMIC AND FISCAL IMPACT OF IMMIGRATION..........................................................................22 FISCAL IMPACT.............................................................................................................................................22 Taxes.............................................................................................................................................................23 Social Security..............................................................................................................................................23 Law Enforcement..........................................................................................................................................24 Healthcare....................................................................................................................................................24 Education System.........................................................................................................................................25 ECONOMIC IMPACT.....................................................................................................................................27 Jobs..............................................................................................................................................................27 Remittances.................................................................................................................................................27 IMMIGRATION AND THE MEDIA................................................................................................................34 THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA..........................................................................................................................34 How the media refl ects public opinion on important issues.........................................................................34 Media infl uence on forming public opinions................................................................................................35 MEDIA PORTRAYAL.....................................................................................................................................36 Prime-time Television and Television News.................................................................................................37 Political Cartoons........................................................................................................................................39 Newspaper articles.......................................................................................................................................40 Movie Stereotypes.........................................................................................................................................42 Magazine Covers..........................................................................................................................................43 Internet Resources........................................................................................................................................43 ESTABLISHING RESIDENCY.........................................................................................................................49 THE PROCESS................................................................................................................................................49 CATEGORIES OF VISA APPLICATION.......................................................................................................50 TYPES OF VISAS...........................................................................................................................................50 IMMIGRATION TERMINOLOGY..................................................................................................................56 SCENARIOS........................................................................................................................................................62 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................................67 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................................68 APPENDIX A: STATE LEGISLATION............................................................................................................75 APPENDIX B: A RESOURCE GUIDE FOR IMMIGRANTS........................................................................76 APPENDIX C: 211 INFORMATION GUIDE..................................................................................................87 1 176818 U of U.R1 Sec1:1 5/8/07 10:56:51 AM FOREWORD The Honors Think Tank met face-to-face Second thanks belong to the Honors Program, for the fi rst time on August 23, 2006. However, the especially to Dr. Martha Bradley, Nancy Brown, process began in May of 2006 with the application Gretchen Wilson, and Mary Watkins, for funding our and letters of recommendation. There were fourteen Mexico trip and this manual. Raul Lopez-Vargas was of us that fi rst day, plus our two expert coaches. What an integral part of the Mexico trip planning process, began was a semester of information gathering with and a great deal of the credit for our dynamic and the goal of proposing and completing a project that valuable experience is due to him. We offer a would somehow make a meaningful contribution to grateful acknowledgment to those who took the time the debate on immigration. We had a long list of guest out of their busy lives and schedules to read our guide speakers who generously donated their time, expertise, in its initial stages and offer advice and critiques, and impetus to help us understand the issues at stake including Dee Rowland, Spencer Siady, Boyer Jarvis, and guide us in the direction of a project. We looked Mark Alvarez, and Luz Robles. We would also like at studies, read articles, and prepared for our 11 day to thank Lula Fernandez from the travel agency in fact-fi nding trip to Mexico in December 2006 and Mexico for opening our eyes to all of Mexico City’s January 2007 over the University’s winter break. treasures, and Amelia Ocaña for serving as our guide The trip was designed to give us a perspective of to the 3-for-1 community projects in Michoacán. immigration from the other side of the border. We Thanks to everyone who aided in the printing and spent several days in homes with Mexican families in formatting process, and a fi nal thanks to everyone Morelia, the capitol city of Michoacán. We traveled to else who helped us. We have greatly appreciated the a more rural community in San Juan Nuevo, spending support we have received from the University and the several nights at an Ecotourism resort, living without community at large. We have done our best to create a electricity, before fi nishing the trip in Mexico City. product that will have a positive impact on the We spoke with Mexicans from a variety of on-going immigration debate. socioeconomic backgrounds, and viewed fi rst hand the steps the Mexican government is taking to try to stem the tide of emigrants. Upon returning to the United States, in the Phoenix airport in fact, we began the process of discussing project options and narrowing them down. We recognized that we would be able to encompass our fi ve main project ideas within a “resource guide.” Together we embarked on making what would be a tool that would change the way legislators think about immigration, the way educators teach it in classes, and the way the community at large views it. Additional research was necessary, so teams were formed and the folder on the class website was fi lled to bursting. A hundred plus pages later, we have a dynamic and detailed contribution to the immigration debate, Denise Castañeda (Social Justice Education) Elizabeth Clark (History/French) complimented with personal stories from