AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Adam Asquith for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomologypresented onJune 29, 1990. Title:Taxonomy and Evolution of the Orthotyline Genus Lopidea (Heteroptera: Miridae) Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: //John D. Lattin The genus Lopidea Uhler is revised for America north of Mexico. The relationship of Lopidea to other orthotyline generais discussed and itis proposed that the genus Ilnacora Reuter is the sister group of Lopidea. Forty-eight species of Lopidea are recognized in North America, one of which is described asnew. The following synonymies are created (junior names first): Lopidea navajo Knight = L. arizonae Knight; L. chelifer Knight= L. balli Knight; L. paddocki Knight and L. deserta Knight = L. bullata Knight; L. trispicata Knight= L. chandleri Moore; L. burkei Knight = L.confraterna (Gibson); L. arkansae Knight and L. biselli Knight = L. davisi Knight; L. denmani Knight and Schaffner = L. falcicula Knight; L. mohave Knight = L. garryae Knight; L. amorphae Knight and L. wisteriae Chandler = L. hesperus (Kirkaldy); L. marginalis (Reuter) = L. instabilis (Reuter); L. texana Knight, L. polingorum Knight and L. matamorensis Knight= L. major Knight; L. drakei Knight = L. marginata Uhler; L. phlogis Knight, L. petalostemi Knight and L. lohnstoni Knight = L. minor Knight; Lopidea raineri Knight, Lopidea sculleni Knight, Lopidea rolfsi Knight and Lopidea wilcoxi Knight= Lopidea nigridia nigridia Uhler; Lopidea nigridea hirta Van Duzee, Lopidea usingeri Van Duzee, Lopidea discreta Van Duzee, Lopidea fallax Knight,Lopidea nicholi Knight,Lopidea vakima Knight,Lopidea audeni Knight,Lopidea eriogoni Knight, Lopidea calcaria Knight, Lopidea chamberlini Knight, Lopidea anqustata Knight, Lopidea rubrofusca Knight and LopideaflavicostataKnightandSchaffner = Lopidea nigridia aculeata Van Duzee; Lopidea medleri Akingbohungbe = Lopidea nigridia serica Knight Uhler; L.oregona Hsiao, L. calli Knight, L. knowltoni Knight, L. dawsoni Knight, L. utahensis Knight and L. vampae Knight = L. picta Knight; L. staphyleae sanguinea Knight = L.s. staphyleae Knight; L. taurula Knight, L. malvastri Knight, L. nevadensis Knight and L.fuscina Knight = L. taurina Van Duzee; L.stitti Knight and L. becki Knight = L. ute Knight. A sample of 16 speciation events derived from cladistic analyses suggests that vicariance can account for at least 50% of species generation in Lopidea. The frequency of sympatric host plant speciation may be as highas 30% and speciation by peripheral isolation has beenrare if it has occurred at all. c Copyright by Adam Asquith June 29, 1990 All rights reserved Taxonomy and Evolution of the Orthotyline Genus Lopidea (Heteroptera: Miridae) by Adam Asquith A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed June 29, 1990 Commencement June 1991 APPROVED Redacted for Privacy Pr f ssor of Entomology in charge of major :1 Redacted for Privacy Head ofDepartment(atillatomology Redacted foil' Privacy Dean of Gra ate School Date thesis is presented June 29, 1990 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. John D. Lattin, my major professor. His contributions to my academic development and the completion of this thesis are legion. Most importantly, he is responsible for introducing me to the fascinating diversity of the Heteroptera, and he showed virtually endless enthusiasm for my discoveries and ideas. His roles as my mentor, teacher and friend will not be forgotten. Dr. Paul Oman tutored me in both the legalistic and the theoretical aspects of taxonomy and systematics. I am truly honored to have experienced his wisdom and wit. I thank Dr. Arthur Boucot for introducing me to many aspects of evolution and biogeography;his breadth of knowledge and critical thinkingwill continuetobe inspirations. I also wish to thank Dr. Donald Zobel and Dr. Arnold Appleby for serving on my committee and for their perseverance in reading a taxonomic tome. I thank Dr. James McIver for sharing his knowledge of mirid biology and behavior and also his unusual perception of the world. I am deeply indebted to my wife Anna Asquith. Her support of my goals, tolerance of my obsessions and artistic advise and help for many years are greatly appreciated. Specimens forthis studywere received fromthe Heteroptera collectionsof thefollowinginstitutions: American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York (Randall T. Schuh); Arizona State University (ASU), Tempe (Michael E. Douglas); Brigham Young University (BYU), Provo, Utah (Richard W. Baumann); California Academy of Sciences (CAS), San Francisco (Paul Arnaud Jr.); Canadian National Collection of Insects (CNC), Ottawa, Ontario (Robert Foottit); Colorado State University, Fort Collins (Boris C. Kondratieff); Cornell University (CU), Ithaca, New York (James K. Liebherr and Richard Hoebeke):Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA), Gainesville (Frank Mead and Howard V. Weems); Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), Champaign, Illinois(Kathryn C.McGiffen); Kansas State University, (H. Derrick Blocker); Los Angeles County Museum (LACM), Los Angeles (Roy Snelling); Mississsippi Entomological Museum (MEM), Starkville, Mississippi (Richard L. Brown and Terence Lee Schiefer); National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Washington, D.C./USDA (Thomas J. Henry); Northern ArizonaUniversity (NAU), Flagstaff (Clarence Dan Johnson); North Carolina State University (NCU), (Robert L. Blinn); North Dakota State University, Fargo (Edward U. Balsbaugh Jr.); Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklohoma (W.A. Drew); Oregon State Department of Agriculture, Salem,Oregon;Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon (John D. Lattin); Texas A&M University (TXA&M), College Station, (Joseph C. Schaffner); Texas Tech University, Lubbock (Robert W. Sites); University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (Danny Shpeley); University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (Chris Carlton); University of British Columbia, Vancouver (Sydney G. Cannings); University of California, Berkeley (UCB), (Jerry A. Powell); University of California, Davis (UCD), (Robert 0. Schuster); University of California, Riverside (UCR), (Saul Frommer); University of Idaho, Moscow (Frank Merickel); University ofKansas (KU), Lawrence (Robert W. Brooks); University of Minnesota (UMN), Minneapolis (Philip J. Clausen); Universityof Missouri, Columbia (UM) (Paul S.Cwikla); University of Wisconsin, Madison (UWM)(B. Jane Harrington); University of Wyoming, Laramie (Jeffrey C.Burne); Washington State University, Pullman (Richard S. Zack). Financial support was provided through research and teaching assistantships in the Department of Entomology, Oregon State University. Funding for visits to museums was provided by grants from the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund, American Museum of Natural History; Department of Entomology, CornellUniversity, and theOregon State University Foundation(Systematic Entomology Laboratory Fund). TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. TAXONOMY AND VARIATION OF THE LOPIDEA NIGRIDIA COMPLEX OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE: ORTHOTYLINAE) 3 ABSTRACT 3 INTRODUCTION 5 MATERIALS AND METHODS 6 RESULTS 8 TAXONOMY 13 DISCUSSION OF SPECIES 30 DISCUSSION OF SUBSPECIES 31 GENITALIA 33 COLOR 34 BIOLOGY 36 III. REVISION OF THE GENUS LOPIDEA UHLER IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE: ORTHOTYLINAE) 50 ABSTRACT 50 INTRODUCTION 52 MATERIALS AND METHODS 53 BIOLOGY 55 SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES CONCEPTS 57 TAXONOMIC CHARACTERS 59 GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS 65 SYSTEMATICS 72 KEY TO NORTHAMERICAN LOPIDEA SPECIES 76 Lopideaampla Van Duzee 89 Lopideaanisacanthi Knight 92 Lopideaapache Knight 94 Lopideaarizonae Knight 96 Lopideaballi Knight 98 Lopideaballi ball". Knight 101 Lopideaballi chelifer Knight 102 Lopideabarberi Knight 103 Lopideabifurca Van Duzee 105 Lopideabonanza sp. nov. 107 Lopideabullata Knight 109 Lopideacaesar (Reuter) 113 Lopideachandleri Moore 115 Lopideaconfluenta (Say) 118 Lopideaconfraterna (Gibson) 122 Lopideacuneata Van Duzee 128 Lopideadakota Knight 130 Lopideadavisi Knight 134 Lopideaerimata Van Duzee 138 Lopideafalcata Knight 141 Lopideafalcicula Knight 143 Lopideafuscosa Knight 145 Lopideagainesi Knight 147 Lopideagarryae Knight 150 Lopidea heidemanni Knight 152 Lopidea hesperus (Kirkaldy) 157 Lopidea hesperus hesperus (Kirkaldy) 161 Lopidea hesperus amorphae Knight 163 Lopidea incurva Knight 164 Lopidea instabilis (Reuter) 167 Lopidea instabilis instabilis (Reuter) 171 Lopidea instabilis rubella Knight 173 Lopidea intermedia Knight 174 Lopidea lateralis Knight 176 Lopidea lathyri Knight 178 Lopidea ma'or Knight 181 Lopidea marginata Uhler 184 Lopidea media (Say) 190 Lopidea minima Knight 197 Lopidea minor Knight 200 Lopidea nicholella Knight 204 Lopidea nigridia Uhler 206 Lopidea nigridia nigridia Uhler 209 Lopidea nigridia aculeata Van Duzee 210 Lopidea nigridia serica Knight 212 Lopidea picta Knight 213 Lopidea pteleae Knight and Schaffner 218 Lopidea puella Van Duzee 220 Lopidea robiniae (Uhler) 222 Lopidea salicis Knight 228 Lopidea savi Knight 230 Lopidea scutata Knight 232 Lopidea staphyleae Knight 234 Lopidea taurina Van Duzee 238 Lopidea taurina taurina Van Duzee 240 Lopidea taurina fuscina Knight 241 Lopidea taurina taurula Knight 242 Lopidea teton Knight 243 Lopidea ute Knight 246 Lopidea ute ute Knight 249 Lopidea ute becki Knight 250 Lopidea wileyae Knight 252 IV. EVOLUTION OF THE ORTHOTYLINE MIRID GENUSLOPIDEA: MORPHOLOGY, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY 338 ABSTRACT 338 INTRODUCTION