AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE RISE, DEMISE AND RESURRECTION OF MISSION POINT LIGHTHOUSE – THE GREAT LAKES - GRAND TRAVERSE BAY - MICHIGAN – USA (2015) Cover Photo # 1 Courtesy of National Archives and Record Administration c. 1883/1890’s Cover Photo #2 Courtesy of Mission Point Lighthouse, 1948 Cover Photo #3 Courtesy of Ian Cundy, 2012 Submission for NAS Part IV Diploma – Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology, February 2015- Nancy Jaroh TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Nos. Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4-7 List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7 Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...9 Location………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….10-11 Old Mission Peninsula Geology……………………………………………………………………………………………12 Brief History of Old Mission Peninsula…………………………………………………………………………………13 Brief History of the Beginnings and Construction of Lighthouses in the United States and in the Great Lakes……………………………………………………………………………………………………14 The History of the Administration of Lighthouses in the United States 1789 – Present, 2015………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..15 Navigational Aids on Grand Traverse Bay, Straits of Mackinaw and Manitou Passage 1832- 1910………………………………………………............................................................................16 Known Shipwrecks and Maritime Mishaps Associated with Mission Point Pre-Dating Mission Point Lighthouse 1851-1869…………………………………………………………………………………….17 Associated Known Shipwrecks and Maritime Mishaps after the Establishment of Mission Point Lighthouse…………………………………………………………………………………………………18-20 Examples of Delayed Construction of Navigational Aids by Congress on Great Lakes Maritime Sites Plagued by Shipwrecks……………………………………………………………………………21 The Expansion of Shipping and Passenger Transport in the Grand Traverse Region………..22-24 A Chronological History of the Development of Mission Point Lighthouse………………………25-36 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS cont. Mission Point Lighthouse Site Description……………………………………………………………………….37-50 Sister Lighthouses of Mission Point Lighthouse………………………………………………………………..51-54 Survey Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………….........55-63 Artifacts Related to Mission Point Lighthouse………………………………………………………………….64-71 Artifacts Unrelated to Mission Point Lighthouse……………………………………………………………………72 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..73-74 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….75-77 Recommendations ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….77 References……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….78-82 Index to Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………83 Appendices A-N………………………………………………………………………………………………………………84-103 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This monograph would have not been possible without the assistance of my advisor, photographers, local residents, project team members, local historical societies and the staff of the local libraries and archivists. Thank you to the following for all their support in helping to make this project possible: Chuck Birdsall – Survey Team Member Ian Cundy – NAS Tudor Damani Davis – Archive Specialist – National Archives and Records Administration Sue Feiger – Artifact Appraiser Anne Griffiths – Peninsula Township Park Commissioner Dr. Mark W. Holley – NAS Instructor Kristina Jaroh – Survey Team Member Cal Jamieson – Lifelong Resident of Old Mission Peninsula Chris Killillay – Archive Specialist – National Archives and Records Administration Leelanau Historical Society Old Mission Peninsula Historical Society Samuel Manning – Marine Illustrator Jerry Ostlund – Lifelong Resident of Old Mission Peninsula Peninsula Township Library Justin Perry – Survey Team Member Laura Johnson – Author and Local Historian Joe Kinney – Survey Team Member Kyle Lucius – Survey Team Member Terry Pepper – Executive Director – Great Lakes Lighthouse Keepers Association Bret Richards – Lifelong Resident of Old Mission Peninsula Sonja Richards – MPL Manager Ross Richardson – Author and Shipwreck Hunter Patti Rudolph – Lifelong Resident of Old Mission Peninsula Alaina Schurr – Survey Team Member Stef Staley – Executive Director – Grand Traverse Lighthouse Association Ann Swaney – Research Librarian and Archivist - OMPHS Traverse City Area District Library Christine Williams – Survey Team Member Nancy Warne – Historian - OMPHS 3 LISTS OF FIGURES Page Nos. Cover Photos: Photo No. 1 MPL c. 1883/1900’s (National Archives Administration) Photo No. 2 MPL, 1948 (MPL) Photo No. 3 MPL, 2012 (Ian Cundy) Fig. 1: Satellite Imagery the Great Lakes in North America……………………………………………….....10 Fig. 2: Lake Michigan in Relationship to Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario ………………..10 Fig. 3: Location of MPL on Old Mission Peninsula, Grand Traverse Bay………………………………. 11 Fig. 4: Satellite Imagery – Location of MPL on Mission Point…………………………………………………11 Fig. 5: Satellite Imagery – Lighthouses Established on Lake Michigan – 1832 – 1910 – Grand Traverse Bay, Straits of Mackinaw and Manitou Passage…………………………………………..16 Fig. 6: Remains of the Shipwreck Metropolis…………………………………………………………………………18 Fig. 7: A. J. Rogers in the Background at Cleveland Dock………………………………………………………..19 Fig. 8: Remains of the Shipwreck A.J. Rogers………………………………………………………………………….19 Fig. 9: Steamer Charles L. Hutchinson – Originally Named William C. Moreland…………………….20 Fig. 10: The Steamer Illinois…………………………………………………………………………………………………..23 Fig. 11: Elk Rapids Tourist’s Map-Resorts, Fishing Grounds and Shipping Routes……………………24 Fig. 12: US Lighthouse Tender Warrington……………………………………………………………………………..26 Fig. 13: Fifth Order Fresnel Lens Display at Mission Point Lighthouse…………………………………….27 Fig. 14: Revetment Restricts Erosion c. 1889………………………………………………………………………….28 Fig. 15: Lake Michigan-Huron Water Levels 1860-2010………………………………………………………….29 Fig. 16: US Lighthouse Tender Hyacinth …………………………………………………………………………………31 Fig. 17: US Lighthouse Tender Sumac …………………………………………………………………………………..32 Fig. 18: Abandoned MPL 1948………………………………………………………………………………………………..33 Fig. 19: Wells Fargo Coach……………………………………………………………………………………………………..34 Fig. 20: Mission Point Crib Light………………………………………………………………………………………………35 4 LIST OF FIGURES cont. Page Nos. Fig. 21: Horizontal Wooden Ranch Rail Fencing c.1883…………………………………………………………...37 Fig. 22: Wood Framed and Wire Fencing c. 1915…………………………………………………………………….37 Fig. 23: Vertical Tight Board Wood Fencing……………………………………………………………………………..38 Fig. 24: MPLH South View c. 1883/1890’s………………………………………………………………………………..39 Fig. 25: MPLH South View-A, c. 1915……………………………………………………………………………………….40 Fig: 26: MPLH South View-B, c. 1915……………………………………………………………………………………….40 Fig. 27: MPL 1905………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………….41 Fig. 28: West Entry (Mud Room/Storm Entry) c. 1937……………………………………………………………..42 Fig. 29: Original Arched Chimney Cap c. 1883………………………………………………………………………….42 Fig. 30: Chimney without Arched Cap or Current Vent, Recorded 1955…………………………………..43 Fig. 31: Current Chimney Cap…………………………………………………………………………………………………..43 Fig. 32: Northeast View of Well House…………………………………………………………………………………….44 Fig. 33: Postcard of MPL c. 1960’s……………………………………………………………………………………………45 Fig. 34: North Facing View – Storage Shed/Utility Building/Woodshed/Concession Stand/Education Center………………………………………………………………………………………………45 Fig. 35: North Facing View – Oil House……………………………………………………………………………………46 Fig. 36: Oil House c. 1914………………………………………………………………………………………………………..47 Fig. 37: Northwest View of Garage………………………………………………………………………………………….47 Fig. 38: South View of Garage…………………………………………………………………………………………………48 Fig. 39: MPL Boathouse c. 1920’s……………………………………………………………………………………………49 Fig. 40: Mama Juda Lighthouse of 1866…………………………………………………………………………………..51 Fig. 41: Manistee Lighthouse 1872………………………………………………………………………………………….52 Fig. 42: Cheboygan Main Lighthouse 1851……………………………………………………………………………..53 Fig. 43: Muskegon Harbor Lighthouse 1987…………………………………………………………………………….53 5 LIST OF FIGURES – cont. 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Fig. 44: North Facing MPL…………………………………………………………………………………………………….55 Fig. 45: Northwest View, MPL………………………………………………………………………………………………56 Fig. 46: Southwest View, MPL………………………………………………………………………………………………56 Fig. 47: East View-A, MPL……………………………………………………………………………………………………..56 Fig. 48: East View-B, MPL……………………………………………………………………………………………………..57 Fig. 49: MPL Lantern Room – Tower- Ventilator Ball – Parapet……………………………………………..57 Fig. 50: Aerial Site Photo……………………………………………………………………………………………………….57 Fig. 51: Nancy Jaroh Operating the Total Station…………………………………………………………………..58 Fig. 52: Trellis – West Gate Entrance……………………………………………………………………………………..58 Fig. 53: Park Commissioner, Anne Griffiths- Primary Control Point………………………………………..59 Fig. 54: Dimple Depression on Trellis Primary Control Point…………………………………………………..59 Fig. 55: Recording of Hand Measurements…………………….……………………………………………………..59 Fig. 56: Control Point 2 Shoreline and Sandbar Survey, May 19, 2013…………………………………..60 Fig. 57: Control Point 2 Shot Back to Control Point 1, August 6, 2013…………………………………….61 Fig. 58: MPL Shoreline Survey Point 35………………………………………………………………………………….61 Fig. 59: Postcard Dated 1990 Higher Water Levels………………………………………………………………….62 Fig. 60: Lower Water Levels…………………………………………………………………………………………………….62 Fig. 61: Sandbars North of Mission Point Lighthouse on Old Mission Peninsula, Grand Traverse Bay……………………………………………………………………………………………………63 Fig. 62: Lighthouse Keeper