43844_CH01_PASS01.QXP 2/3/11 3:54 PM Page 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION C HAPTER 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ETHICAL CONCEPTS © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORIN SALES ORPORTS DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION SPORTS IN SOCIETY & © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC AmericaNOT FOR is a sports SALE crazed OR culture, DISTRIBUTION but Americans are not alone in theirNOT love ofFOR sports. SALE The OR DISTRIBUTION world is connected in a sports culture with millions of individuals in Spain, India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Colombia, China and many other countries watching and participating in sports each year. Participating in sports can bring new challenges to an individual and teach valuable life lessons along the way. Americans participate in a variety of sports including golf, basketball, cycling, © Jones &tennis, Bartlett baseball, Learning, soccer, and iceLLC hockey. Parents are enrolling© their Jones children & in Bartlett youth sports Learning, at an ever- LLC increasing rate so they might learn time honored concepts such as hard work, dedication, team build- NOT FORing, SALE competition, OR DISTRIBUTION and sportsmanship and subsequently transferNOT those FOR skills SALE to their personalOR DISTRIBUTION life. All are good societal values and build character in youth. Youth sports have never been more popular. In the United States millions of kids participate in a variety of sports beginning at the toddler stage. Before they can even bounce a ball, swing a club, © Jones & Bartlett Learning,or run in a LLCstraight line, overzealous parents© Joneshave their & children Bartlett in the Learning, sports arena LLClearning how to kick a ball, take a charge or throw a spiral. Kids participate in sports for a variety of reasons, some NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONhealthy and some not so healthy. Many participateNOT FOR because SALE their friendsOR DISTRIBUTION are playing, others because their parents insist, and some even participate just for fun! When sports stop being fun, kids tend to drop out. The benefits of youth sports include increased confidence, increased fitness (less time for videogames), increased social awareness, moral development, and improved problem-solving skills. Choosing© Jones sides, nominating & Bartlett a team Learning, captain, and LLCshaking hands with an opponent© after Jones a match & areBartlett all Learning, LLC good character traits for a young athlete to develop, although organized sports have taken some of these NOTbasic tasksFOR away SALE from OR the youthDISTRIBUTION participant. Many youth sports programsNOT involve FOR SALE“select OR DISTRIBUTION teams” or All-Star teams, in which certain players are picked to play additional games. Sports at the high school level are increasing in popularity, and watching colleague sports is extremely popular in the United States. With universities offering scholarships in a variety of sports © Jones &including Bartlett basketball, Learning, bowling, LLC lacrosse, football, rodeo, riflery,© iceJones hockey & and Bartlett swimming, Learning, parents are LLC hoping that their child will be a superstar. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 43844_CH01_PASS01.QXP 2/3/11 3:54 PM Page 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 Chapter 1 Ethical Concepts in Sports Spectators© flock Jones to stadiums & Bartlett around the Learning, world to watch LLC sports. American fans love to© watch Jones foot- & Bartlett Learning, LLC ball, both amateurNOT and FOR professional;, SALE OR collegiate DISTRIBUTION and professional basketball, ice hockey,NOT and, FOR of SALE OR DISTRIBUTION course, America’s national pastime, baseball. Athletes in professional sports can earn millions of dol- lars playing their favorite sport. Sports franchises are valued at more than $1 billion, and collegiate football games can draw more than 110,000 fans. The New York Yankees are valued at $1.2 billion, and some football coaches at major universities can earn money than the university president.1 © JonesSome & fans Bartlett seem to Learning, take sports a littleLLC too seriously, and this can include© Jones many & youth Bartlett sports par-Learning, LLC NOTents. FOR Ardent SALE fans spend OR hours DISTRIBUTION each day ruminating over statistics for theirNOT individual FOR SALE fantasy ORleagues DISTRIBUTION while others paint their bodies and “tailgate” for up to 6 hours before the NFL game of their favorite team. The contemporary sports world is fraught with “over the top parents” and fans alike.2 Christopher Noteboom, for example, fits well into the dedicated category. He was an enthusias- tic Philadelphia Eagles football fan, some may believe just a little too enthusiastic. In November 2008 © Jones & Bartletthe was Learning, arrested for LLCrunning onto the field during a© Philadelphia Jones & Eagles Bartlett football Learning, game. Before LLC judg- NOT FOR SALEing OR him DISTRIBUTION too harshly, consider his calling that day.NOT Noteboom FOR ran SALE onto the OR field DISTRIBUTION with a plastic bag under his right arm that contained the ashes of his recently deceased mother who herself was a long time Eagles fan. When Christopher reached the 30-yard line, he dropped to his knees, made the sign of the cross, and lay on his stomach. Now that’s a fan and a good son!3 Before you cast dispersions on Mr. Noteboom, consider the following comments that appeared in the New York© TimesJonesin 1895 & Bartlett concerning Learning, Americans’ infatuationLLC with sports: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Is there not a certain defect of gayety in contemporary sport? We Americans seem nowadays to take ours excessively hard. We take some of our soberer matters very easily. We giggle over heresy trials, and have endless patience for the shortcomings of politicians, but we hold our breath over the reports of football games and yacht races, and lose our sleep over intricacies in the management of those events. © JonesWe worried& Bartlett nearly as Learning, much last September LLC over the international yacht© races Jones as our fathers& Bartlett did a gener- Learning, LLC NOT FORation ago SALE over Mason OR DISTRIBUTIONand Slidell and the affair of the Trent.4 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Many issues are present in sports as ethical, business, and legal issues abound in both profes- sional and amateur sports. Race and ethnicity are at the forefront of social issues in sports. Whether it is the NFL’s Rooney Rule or the use of Native American mascots by universities, race and ethnic- © Jones & Bartlettity are Learning, significant topics LLC in any discussion of the sports© Jones ethics. Other & Bartlett issues such Learning, as drug testing, LLC ath- letic eligibility, gender equity, intellectual property rights, and violence in sports all present serious NOT FOR SALEissues OR DISTRIBUTIONfor an intellectual debate on sports ethics.NOT U.S. CollegiateFOR SALE sports OR are DISTRIBUTIONfraught with ethical issues ranging from the illegal payment of student-athletes to agent regulation, low student-athlete graduation rates, and violence.5 1 Forbes.com; “Analyzing© Jones Salaries & Bartlettfor Football BowlLearning, Subdivision LLC Coaches,” USA Today, November 10,© 2009.Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 2 Matthew Futterman, “Under Pressure,” The Wall Street Journal, October 4, 2008. 3 “Bad Sports: ANOT Study ConductedFOR SALE by the University OR DISTRIBUTION of Missouri-St. Louis,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,NOT November FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 29, 2005. 4 “We Take Our Sports Too Seriously: While Soberer Matters Are Treated with Unbecoming Levity,” New York Times, November 5, 1895. 5 Rick Telander, The Hundred Yard Lie: The Corruption of College Football and What We Can Do to Stop It © Jones(Chicago: & UniversityBartlett of IllinoisLearning, Press, 1989); LLC Murray Sperber, Beer and Circus:© HowJones Big-Time & CollegeBartlett Sports Learning, Is LLC Crippling Undergraduate Education (New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2001); Hela Sheth and Kathy M. Babiak, NOT“Beyond FOR theSALE Game: ORPerceptions DISTRIBUTION and Practices of Corporate Social ResponsibilityNOT in the FOR Professional SALE Sport OR Indus- DISTRIBUTION try,” Journal of Business Ethics, 91, no. 3 (2010), 433–450. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 43844_CH01_PASS01.QXP 2/3/11 3:54 PM Page 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Sports in Society 3 Why© Study Jones Sports & Bartlett Ethics? Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Some may ask, “Why study sports ethics?” Is there a specific discipline of sports ethics as there is for business, legal, or medical ethics? Many think so. A good deal of scholarship has been pro- duced on sports ethics.6 Several noted scholars have been appointed sports ethics fellows, and univer- sities have created centers for studying sports ethics.7 Is there a practical reason for studying sports © Jones &ethics? Bartlett Some thinkLearning, not and argue LLC that sports ethicists should© stick Jones to what & theyBartlett know best—sports.Learning, LLC NOT FOR“If SALE we have OR to have DISTRIBUTION ethics at all in sports, let’s make sure thoseNOT moral FOR philosophers SALE exploreOR DISTRIBUTION the right issues. Should Pete Rose wear his Phillies or Reds cap to the Hall of Fame? Was O.