Pussy Riot’s Punk Prayer Blasfemie, parrèsia en de strijd om vrijheid Masterscriptie aangeboden aan: Dr. C. Baumgartner Prof. dr. A. J. A. C. M. Korte Masteropleiding ‘Religies in Hedendaagse Samenlevingen’ T.M. van Zinnen Departement Religiewetenschap en Theologie Studentnummer 3170497 Faculteit Geesteswetenschappen, Universiteit Utrecht 10 augustus 2013 Inhoudsopgave Inhoudsopgave Lijst van illustraties ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Het feministisch en provocatief punk-art activisme van Pussy Riot ............................................................. 12 De band Pussy Riot ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Het optreden in de Christus Verlosserkathedraal .......................................................................................... 18 De rechtszaak ................................................................................................................................................ 22 2. Het perspectief van de aanklagers ............................................................................................................... 24 De aanklacht ................................................................................................................................................. 24 Blasfemie ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 Feminisme en patriottisme ........................................................................................................................... 35 Vonnis en bewijsvoering ................................................................................................................................ 36 Beeldvorming ................................................................................................................................................ 39 3. Het perspectief van de vrouwen .................................................................................................................. 40 Politiek protest .............................................................................................................................................. 40 Civil society ................................................................................................................................................... 43 Waarden, principes en idealen ...................................................................................................................... 57 De verdediging .............................................................................................................................................. 70 4. Conflict over het heilige................................................................................................................................ 77 Het heilige ..................................................................................................................................................... 78 Referentiekaders en morele horizonten ........................................................................................................ 80 In conflict ...................................................................................................................................................... 85 5. De Nederlandse kwalititeitskranten ............................................................................................................. 89 Onderzoek .................................................................................................................................................... 91 Framing ......................................................................................................................................................... 94 Berichtgeving en beeldvorming ..................................................................................................................... 96 (In) Perspectief ............................................................................................................................................ 102 Conclusie ........................................................................................................................................................ 106 Bronvermelding .............................................................................................................................................. 114 Bijlagen........................................................................................................................................................... 126 2 Lijst van illustraties Lijst van illustraties Kaft Het punkgebed in de Christus Verlosserkathedraal (Pussy Riot, 2012, http://pussy- riot.livejournal.com/12442.html (10-08-2013)). 1. Pussy Riot (I. Muhkin, 2012, http://pussy-riot.livejournal.com/12442.html (10-08-2013)). 2. Voina, rechts: Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, links achteraan: Yekatarina Samutsevich (Voina, 2008, http://adolfych.livejournal.com/1226250.html (10-08-2013)). 3. A Dick captured by the Federal Security Bureau (Voina, 2010, http://plucer.livejournal.com/266853.html?page=3 (10-08-2013)). 4. Balaclava’s als onderdeel van het concept van anonimiteit (Pussy Riot, 2012, http://pussy- riot.livejournal.com/ (10-08-2013)). 5. Putin has pissed himself, optreden van Pussy Riot op het Rode Plein in Moskou (Pussy Riot, 2012, http://pussy-riot.livejournal.com/8459.html (10-08-2013)). 6 Raze the pavement, optreden van Pussy Riot in in Moskou (Pussy Riot, 2012, http://pussy- riot.livejournal.com/5497.html (10-08-2013)). 7. Raze the pavement, optreden in het metrostation van Borovitskaia in Moskou. Pussy Riot, 2012, http://pussy-riot.livejournal.com/5497.html (10-08-2013)). 8. Kropotkin-Vodka, Kropotkin-Vodka, optreden in een luxueuze boutique in Moskou (Pussy Riot, 2012, http://pussy-riot.livejournal.com/5164.html (10-08-2013)). 9. Het punkgebed in de Christus Verlosserkathedraal (Pussy Riot, 2012, http://pussy- riot.livejournal.com/12442.html (10-08-2013)). 10. Nadezhda Tolokonnikova (D. Bochkarev, 2012, https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10150534753475863 (10-08-2013)). 11. Maria alyokhina (S. Ponomarev, Associated Press, 2012, http://www.nodeju.com/2780/one-of-3- pussy-riot-members-released.html (10-08-2013)). 12. Yekatarina Samutsevich (Getty Images, 2012, http://www.allvoices.com/contributed- news/13269559/image/94977804--pussy-riot-member-yekaterina-samutsevich-smiles-during-her- appeals-hearing-in-moscow (10-08-2013)). 13. In het gerechstgebouw (S. Karpukhin, Reuters, 2012, http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2012/08/17/pussy_riot_sentenced_to_two_years_in_jail_by_ru ssian_judge.html (10-08-2013)). 14. Yekatarina Samutsevich na het hoger beroep (Getty Images, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/10/09/huffington-post-picture-huffington-post-picture-desk- live-10th-october-2012_n_1952115.html#9_pussy-riot-in-court (10-08-2013)). 15. Protest van Russisch Orthodoxe gelovigen bij de zitting van het hoger beroep (Getty Images, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/10/09/huffington-post-picture-huffington-post-picture-desk- live-10th-october-2012_n_1952115.html#9_pussy-riot-in-court (10-08-2013)). 3 Lijst van illustraties 16. Patriarch Kirill (A. Natruskin, Reuters, 2009, http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2009/01/23/in- moscow-next-week-its-all-about-kirill/ (10-08-2013)). 17. President Poetin (K.Mantyla, Lehtikuva, Associated Press, 2013, http://www.edgeboston.com/news/international/news//146661/russia%E2%80%99s_putin_signs_la w_limiting_adoption_by_gays_ (10-08-2013)). 18. Patriarch Kirill (I. Zarembo, RIA Novosti, 2011, http://en.rian.ru/russia/20110201/162411975.html (10- 08-2013)). 19. Nadezhda Tolokkonikova op weg naar het rechtsgebouw (Reuters, 2012, http://emmagabriellegarland.wordpress.com/2013/02/04/pussy-riot-vs-putin/ (10-08-2013)). 20. Tijdens de rechtszaak (M. Shemetov, Reuters, http://rt.com/news/pussy-riot-appeal-hearing-354/). 21. Protest (Associated Press, 2012, http://blog.gobop.com/free-pussy-riot/ (10-08-2013)). 4 Abstract Abstract On February 21 2012 five members of the feminist and provocative punk-art group Pussy Riot entered The Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow and performed what they said was a ‘punk prayer’ at the place that is considered the most sacrosanct of the Cathedral. This thesis researches three different perspectives that are related to the way in which the punk prayer and the trial that followed on the arrest of three members of the group, were interpreted and evaluated. The thesis also researches how these perspectives relate to each other and how these relations can be explained. An analysis of the perspective of the prosecutors in the light of the mixture of theological, sociological political and philosophical theory on blasphemy from Austin Dacey clarifies and explains the account of blasphemy and culpability in relation to the behavior, attitude and verbal expressions of the women from Pussy Riot as it was posed by the prosecutors. An analysis