The Part-songs of Franz Schubert by Donald E. Quantz A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial F'uIfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of M.ASTER OF EDUCÀTION Department of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Hanitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba. (c) February, L992 H*H NationalLibrary Bibliothèque nationale E{ | q oÌuanaoa du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibliograPhiques 395 Well¡ngton Street 395, rue Well¡ngton Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) KlA ON4 K1A ON4 You, l¡le Votrc (étércnce Our lile Noue rélétence The author has granted an L'auteur a accordé une licence irrevocable non-exclus¡ve licence irrévocable et non exclus¡ve allowing the National Library of permettant à la Bibliothèque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell cop¡es of reprodu¡re, prêter, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa thèse in any form or format, making de quelque manière et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce so¡t pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des person nes i ntéressées. The author retains ownersh¡p of L'auteur conserve la propriété du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui protège sa Neither the thesis nor substantial thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent être imprimés ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ïsBI{ @-3L5-77735-4 Canadä THE PART-SONGS OF FRANZ SCHUBERT BY DONALD E. QUANTZ A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the UniversiÇ of Manitoba in partial fulfill¡nent of the requiremenb for the degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION @ 7992 Perrrission has been granted to the LIBRARY OF THE LINñTERSITY OF MAMTOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis, to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfiLn this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and UNTVERSITY MICROFILMS to pubLish an abshact of this thesis. The author resewes other publication rights, and neithe¡ the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or othen¡¿ise reproduced without the authols permission- ^åbstract The Part-sonEs of Franz Schubert This thesis dlscusses the various factors lnfluenclng the development of the part-song, Schubertfs unique relationship to this genre, his parÈ-songs, and the educational and performance impllcations arising out of the study. The thesis begins wlth the political, soclological, and blographical factors which influenced the development of the part-songs. They were extremely popular in the early nlneteenth century and t/tere sung by people who met in taverns and homesr or were performed at concerts for the middle class. Schubert, a very social person, became caught up in this movement and wrote dozens of part-songs. Àn analysls of his part-songs reveals that some have qualities which make them unigue, whlle nany part-songs have similar characteristlcs. Common characteristics include homophonic writing, bold key changes, repetitive figures, simple forms, the use of German texts, and that they were primarily short, one-part songs. Although there are many mlxed and womenrs part- song6, today part-songs are mainly performed by menrs choirs and even this is not common. They are a valuable resource for both perforrnance and educatlon slnce they have a wide range of dlfficulty, are suitable for varlous sizes of groups from soli to large choirs, and are not too long for most study,/performance situations. Implications for further research include 1) the tracing of menrs choral groups and their development from lg40 to the present, 2 ) a study of the relationship of harmony, voicings, and overtones in choral music (menrs voicings versus mixed and womenfs voicings), 3) a study of choral music and nationalistic Èrends, ånd 4) the influence of sociar factors on choral singing. tl Àcknowledqments I wish to acknowledge a number of people who have been instrumental in helping me complete this document. Thanks to Prof. Henry Engbrecht and Dr. Peter Spencer for serving on my thesis committee and for providing positive and constructive criticism. To Dr. Lawrence Patterson for his direction and personal interest as my advisor. To my wife, Êrenda, and our children Krista and Matthew, who never failed to help and encourage me not to mention moving around the country. Thanks. I wish to thank Omnibus Press, 8/9 Frith Street, London, I^flV 5T7. f or allowing me to reproduce pages 33, 39 , 68 , 7 2, 75, 78, and 80 from Peggy [¡Ioodfordrs book Schubert: His Life and Times (L97B). I wish to also thank Rizolli Publications, New York, N.Y. for permission to reproduce pages 62r 67r 108, 162 from J. [.Iechsburgrs book Schubert (L977). Ànd J.M.Dent and Sons, f.or permission to reproduce plate XVII from O.E. Deutschts book Schubert: a Documentarv Bioqraohy (L946). 111 List of Fiqures Figure *1 - p.41" Gott im tJngewitter. (Bars 13 and 1d). Figure #2 - p.42. Die Flucht. (Bars 1-18). Figure fl3 p. 44" Edit Nonna, Edit Cl.erus. (Bars 49-61). Flgure #4 - p. 45. Gesang der Geister úber dem A{assern. (Bars 22-34). Figure il5 p. 45. SchJachtlied. (Bars 30-35). Figure *5 p. 47. Ståndchen. (Bars 7-L4). Figure #7 - p. 49. Des Tages þleihe. (Bars 39-46). Figure *8 - p. 50. Der Tanz. (Bars 8-14). Figure *9 p. 52. Gott im Ungewitter. (Bars 48-50). Figure #10 p. 53. BegrabnissJied. (Bars J-9-221. F'igure #1i. p. 53. Der 23 Psalm. (Bars 29-32',. Figure #12 - p. 54. Ruhe, Schõnstes GLtick der Erde. (Bars 3s-41 ). Figure #13 p. 55. (Bars 23-28). Figure ü14 - p. 55. Ruhe, Schönstes GLûck der Erde. (Bars s6-69 ) . F'igure *15 p. 57. Sehnsucht. (Bars 1-7). Figure f16 p. 58. Stänchen. (Bars 39-41). Figure i+17 p. 60. Flein und Liebe. (Bars 1-5). Figure #L8 p. 51. Das Leben. (Bars 1-4). Figure f 19 p. 61. Gesang der Geister über dem &{assern. (Bars 9-15). Figure *20 p. 62. Der Gondelfahrer. (Bars 1.-10). tv Figure #2L - p. 63. Nachtgesang im e{aLde. (Bars 1'50-152; 157-L62). Figure #22 p" 64. Stânchen. (Bars 58-60). Figure *23 - p. 65. Sehnsucht. (Bars 1-16). Figure *24 p. 66. Der Gondeifahtet. (Bars 22-25r. Figure *25 - p. 68. Pitches. Figure #26 - p. 76. Stänchen. (Bars ?5-27). Figure #27 - p. 80. Die Nachtigall. (Bars 1-8). Figure #28 p. 84. Gesang det Geister úber dem Wassern- (Bars 86-89 ). Figure *29 p. 87. Stänchen. (Bars ?5-27). Figure #30 - p. 88. Der 23 Psalm. (Bars l'-9 ) . Flgure #31 p. 89. Gott in dez Natur. (Bars L2-L41. Figure *32 p.91. Dez GondeJfahzet. (Bars 37-39). Figure fi33 p. 96. Der 92 PsaLm. (Bars L-19). Figure fi34 - p. 97, Im Gegenwãrtigren Vergangenes. (Bars 25-3L) . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract I Acknowl edgements ii List of Figures iv 1 Chapter One Introduction l Chapter Two - Revier¡¡ of Literature 10 Political and Sociological Influences 10 Schubertrs Life l_J Musical Ànalysis L5 Performance and Educational 18 Chapter Three - PoIitical, Sociological, and Biographical Factors Influencing the Development of the Part-songs 2t Political and Sociological Factors 2T Influences In Schubertrs Life Àffecting Development of the Part-song. 27 Chapter Four - The Music 38 The Voicings of the Part-songs 38 Texture 40 Harmonic Character Ístics 51 Melodic Character istics 59 Tessitura and Range 67 Form 7L v1 Rhythm 74 Text 77 Àccompan iment 85 Chapter Five - Performance Practices and Educat ional Àppl ication 93 Historical Setting and Practices 93 Performance Cons iderations Forces 95 Perf ormance Cons iderations Accompaniment L00 Perf ormance Cons iderati ons Ensemble Qualities 10l- Performance Considerations Language 103 Performance Considerations Conc lus i ons 104 Educational Àpplication 106 Chapter Six - Suggestions for Further Study 109 Àppendix À - Part-songs not included in Schubert ts Complete t¡trorks i.13 Appendix B Perf ormance Inf ormation 11_ 4 À,ppendix C Chronological List of part-songs L20 Àppendix D Part-songs in Print L26 Appendix E Suggested Part-songs for Specific Àge Groups 131 Appendix F Sketches and Paintings L32 Appendix c Part-songs Recordings L44 Bibl i ography t45 vrl Chaoter One - Introduction The purpose of this thesis is to dlscuss the deveropment and characteristics of the part-songs of Franz schubert and to appraise them for present-day performance and educational application. The study wlrr rnvorve a discussion of the poriticar and sociological context in which they þrere written, factors in Schubertts personal life which infruenced the creation of this music, unigue or characteristic aspects of the part-songs, performance guidelines, and educational apptication for todayrs soc i ety. For the most part, the part-songs of Franz schubert have become forgotten in the decades following the decrine of the part-song movement and are seldom used today. Few are commonly performed and very few are recorded. Many of the songs, even the masterpieces, receive little or no exposure. Brown (1978) says that ttRuhe, Schõnstes Gluck (Peace, the Most Beautiful Gift on Earth) is a masterpiece. It is completely unknown, and I doubt if it has been sung in England this centuryrr 1p.70). The exact reasons for the lack of use of this music are open for speculatlon. In addition to suggesting some of the reasons for the neglect of thls muslc, thls study may also glve a deeper understanding of the music and therefore a more informed platform from whlch to evaluate its use and current value.