TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. Zootaxa 3621 (1): 001–082 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3621.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:99CC048E-C555-4178-8932-70E93A3B255C ZOOTAXA 3621 Revision of the genus Erythromelana Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) and analysis of its phylogeny and diversification DIEGO J. INCLAN1 & JOHN O. STIREMAN III2 Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA 45435. 1current address: Dipartimento Di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente (DAFNAE), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy. E-mail: [email protected] 2E-mail: [email protected] Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by J. O'Hara: 17 Dec. 2012; published: 11 Mar. 2013 TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. DIEGO J. INCLAN & JOHN O. STIREMAN III Revision of the genus Erythromelana Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) and analysis of its phylogeny and diversification (Zootaxa 3621) 82 pp.; 30 cm. 11 Mar 2013 ISBN 978-1-77557-114-8 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77557-115-5 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2013 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2013 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 3621 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press INCLAN & STIREMAN TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . 3 INTRODUCTION . 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS. 5 SYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS ERYTHROMELANA . 9 ERYTHROMELANA TOWNSEND, 1919. 9 ERYTHROMELANA SPECIES GROUPS. 12 KEY TO ERYTHROMELANA SPECIES . 12 ERYTHROMELANA JAENA SPECIES GROUP . 14 Erythromelana jaena Townsend. 14 Erythromelana abdominalis (Townsend) . 16 Erythromelana leptoforceps Inclan sp. nov.. 18 Erythromelana nigrithorax (Wulp). 21 Erythromelana curvifrons Inclan sp. nov. 23 Erythromelana ecuadoriana Inclan sp. nov. 25 Erythromelana eois Inclan sp. nov. .27 ERYTHROMELANA CRYPTICA SPECIES GROUP . 29 Erythromelana cryptica Inclan sp. nov. 29 Erythromelana catarina Inclan sp. nov.. 32 Erythromelana convexiforceps Inclan sp. nov.. 33 Erythromelana arciforceps Inclan sp. nov. 35 Erythromelana napensis Inclan sp. nov. 37 Erythromelana distincta Inclan sp. nov.. 39 Erythromelana woodi Inclan sp. nov.. 42 PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS (PCA). 62 PCA by genus . 62 PCA of Erythromelana . 63 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF ERYTHROMELANA SPECIES . 65 Phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters . 65 Phylogenetic analysis of molecular characters . 65 TAXONOMIC CHANGES. 68 ERYTHROMELANA HOST ASSOCIATIONS, SPECIES RICHNESS AND DIVERSIFICATION. 69 ERYTHROMELANA HOST ASSOCIATIONS. 69 GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN ERYTHROMELANA RICHNESS . 71 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 75 REFERENCES . 75 APPENDIX 1 . 78 APPENDIX 2 . 81 APPENDIX 3 . 82 ABSTRACT The Neotropics harbor an enormous diversity of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae), yet the fauna remains poorly understood. This is especially true of the tribe Blondeliini, which is particularly diverse in this region and in great need of taxonomic attention. Here, the Neotropical blondeliine genus Erythromelana Townsend is revised. This genus is widely distributed from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, with the Andes being a hotspot of diversity. Known hosts belong to the genus Eois Hübner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). This revision includes the redescription of three previously described species and the description of 11 new species based on characteristics of adults and immatures. The new species are E. arciforceps sp. nov., E. catarina sp. nov., E. convexiforceps sp. nov., E. cryptica sp. nov., E. curvifrons sp. nov., E. distincta sp. nov., E. ecuadoriana sp. nov., E. eois sp. nov., E. leptoforceps sp. nov., E. napensis sp. nov., and E. woodi sp. nov. A morphological database of 62 characters was constructed to assess morphological variation within and among species and species groups using Principal Components Analysis. Means and medians for these morphological traits were calculated to infer phylogenetic relationships using parsimony. Additionally, a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis was performed using COI mtDNA sequences for a subset of eight species. Nominal species E. obscurifrons (Wulp) is treated as a nomen dubium within Erythromelana. Two species previously assigned to Erythromelana appear to represent distinct genera with unclear relationships to this genus and are reinstated as monotypic genera: Myiodoriops marginalis Townsend and Euptilodegeeria obumbrata (Wulp), revived status. Biological and phylogenetic data are used to infer modes of diversification within Erythromelana. Key words: Tachinidae, Blondeliini, Andes Mountains, Neotropical, Eois, PCA, speciation mode REVISION OF ERYTHROMELANA Zootaxa 3621 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 3 TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. INTRODUCTION The parasitic family Tachinidae is one of the most diverse families of Diptera (Belshaw 1993, Irwin et al. 2003), with almost 10,000 described species classified into over 1500 genera (Brown 2001, Irwin et al. 2003, O’Hara 2011). Tachinids are well represented in all zoogeographic regions. Approximately 34% of the described species are from the Neotropical Region, 19% are Palearctic, 16% are Nearctic, 12% are Afrotropical, 10% are Australasian, and 9% are from the Oriental Region (Guimarães 1971, Irwin et al. 2003, O’Hara 2011). However, only Tachinidae of the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions are well known, with perhaps 90% of their species documented (Stireman et al. 2006). In contrast, the Neotropics possess a highly diverse fauna with 2864 described species (Guimarães 1971) belonging to 819 genera (O’Hara 2011). Yet, the current number of described species in this region represents only a small portion of the total fauna (Brown 2005, Stireman et al. 2006, O’Hara 2011). This is despite the fact that in terms of described species, the Tachinidae are the largest family of Diptera in the Neotropical Region (Amorim et al. 2002). Conservative evaluations suggest that total Neotropical tachinid biodiversity is at least twice the current number of described species (Stireman et al. 2006). The purpose of the present study is to systematically revise and analyze the Neotropical tachinid genus Erythromelana Townsend (Exoristinae: Blondeliini). The tribe Blondeliini is distributed nearly worldwide, but is most diverse in the New World where it represents about 10% of the 1345 described species of Nearctic tachinids (O’Hara & Wood 2004) and probably a larger percentage of the Neotropical fauna (Wood 1985). Wood’s (1985) revision the Blondeliini of North and.