Court File No. 36865 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA (ON APPEAL FROM THE ALBERTA COURT OF APPEAL) BETWEEN: JEREMY JAMES PEERS Applicant (Appellant) - and - HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN (ALBERTA SECURITIES COMMISSION) Respondent (Respondent) - and - ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ALBERTA,ALBERTA, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ONTARIO, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF QUEBEC, CANADIAN CONSTITUTION FOUNDATION, ONTARIO SECURITIES COMMISSION, BRITISH COLUMBIA CIVIL LIBERTIES ASSOCIATION AND CANADIAN CIVIL LIBERTIES ASSOCIATION IntervenersInterveners Court File No. 36866 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA (ON APPEAL FROM THE ALBERTA COURT OF APPEAL) BETWEEN:B E T W E E N: RONALD JAMES AITKENS Applicant (Appellant) - and - ALBERTA SECURITIES COMMISSION Respondent (Respondent) - and - ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ALBERTA,ALBERTA, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ONTARIO, CANADIAN CONSTITUTION FOUNDATION AND ONTARIO SECURITIES COMMISSION IntervenerIntervenerss FACTUM OF THE INTERVENER, CANADIAN CONSTITUTION FOUNDATION (Pursuant to RulesRules 37 and 42 of the Rules of the Supreme Court of CanadaCanada)) McCarthy TetraultTétrault LLP Gowling WLG (Canada) LLP Suite 5300, Toronto Dominion Bank 160 Elgin Street —– Suite 20002000 Tower Ottawa ON KIPK1P 1C3 Toronto ON M5K 1E6 Jeff Beedell Darryl Cruz ([email protected]([email protected]) Tel: (613) 786-0171786-0171 Brandon Kain ([email protected]([email protected]) Fax: (613) 563563-9869-9869 Byron Shaw ([email protected]([email protected]) Email: [email protected]@gowlingwlg.com Atrisha Lewis ([email protected]([email protected]) Ottawa Agent for Counsel for the Tel: (416) 362362-1812-1812 Intervener, Canadian Constitution Fax: (416) 868868-0673-0673 Foundation Counsel for the IIntervener,ntervener, Canadian ConstitutionConstitution Foundation ORIGINAL THE REGISTRAR TO: Supreme Court of Canada 301 Wellington Street Ottawa, ON K1A On0J1 COPIES TO: BERESH ALONEISSI O'NEILL HURLEY O'KEEFE MILLSAP SUPREME ADVOCACY LLP 300 MacLean Block 340 Gilmour Street 10110 - 107 Street Suite 100 Edmonton, AB T5J 1J4 Ottawa, ON K2P OR30R3 Steve Fix Nathan J. Whitling Marie-FranceMarie-France Major Alex Millman Tel: (613) 695695-8855-8855 Ext. 102 Tel: (780) 421-4766421-4766 Fax: (613) 695-8580695-8580 Fax: (780) 429-0346429-0346 Email: [email protected] EE-mail:-mail: [email protected] Ottawa Agent for the Appellant, Jeremy Counsel for the Appellant, Jeremy James James Peers Peers ALBERTA SECURITIES COMMISSIONCOMMISSION GOWLING WLG (CANADA) LLP 600, 250 —– 5th Street S.W. 20002000 —– 160 Elgin Street Calgary, AB T2P OR40R4 Ottawa, ON K1P 1C3 Don Young D. Lynne Watt Lorenz Berner Tel: (613) 786786-8695-8695 Tel: (403) 297-2642297-2642 Fax: (613) 788-3509788-3509 Fax: (403) 297297-2210-2210 Email: [email protected]@gowlingwlg.com Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Ottawa Agent for the Respondent, Her Majesty the Queen (Alberta Securities Counsel for the Respondent, Her Majesty Commission) the Queen (Alberta Securities Commission) ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ALBERTA GOWLING WLG (CANADA) LLP 4th Floor, Bowker Building 20002000 —– 160 Elgin Street 9833 —– 109th Street Ottawa, ON K1P 1C3 Edmonton, AB T5K 2E8 D. Lynne Watt Robert J. Normey Tel: (613) 786786-8695-8695 Tel: (780) 422-9532422-9532 Fax: (613) 788-3509788-3509 Fax: (780) 425-0307425-0307 Email: [email protected]@gowlingwlg.com EE-mail:-mail: [email protected] Counsel for the Intervener, Attorney Ottawa Agent for the Intervener, Attorney General of Alberta General of Alberta 11ii ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA Suite 3400, Box 36 50 O'ConnorO’Connor Street 130 King Street West Suite 500, Room 556 Toronto, ON M5X 1K6 Ottawa, ON 1(11K1P3 6L2 Marianne Zoric Robert J. Frater, Q.C. Jeanette Gevikoglu Tel: (613) 670670-6289-6289 Tel: (416) 954954-8046-8046 Fax: (613) 954954-1920-1920 Fax: (416) 954954-8982-8982 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]@justice.gc.ca Ottawa Agent for the Intervener, Counsel for the Intervener, Attorney Attorney General of Canada General of Canada ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ONTARIO BURKE-ROBERTSONBURKE-ROBERTSON 720 Bay Street 441 MacLaren Street 4th Floor Suite 200 Toronto, ON M7A 2S9 Ottawa, ON K2P 21132H3 Matthew Horner Robert E. Houston,Houston, Q.C. Jennifer Luong Tel: (613) 236-9665236-9665 Tel: (416) 212-7009212-7009 Fax: (613) 235-4430235-4430 Fax: (416) 326326-4015-4015 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Ottawa Agent for the Intervener, Counsel for the Intervener, Attorney Attorney General of Ontario General of Ontario ONTARIO SECURITIES COMMISSIONCOMMISSION CONWAY BAXTER WILSON LLP 20 Queen Street West 400 —– 411 Roosevelt Avenue 22h22ndd Floor Ottawa, ON K2A 3X9 Toronto, ON M5H 3S8 ConnColin S. Baxter Hugh Craig Tel: (613) 780780-2012-2012 Tel: (416) 593593-8259-8259 Fax (613) 688-0271688-0271 Fax: (416) 593593-2319-2319 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Ottawa Agent for the Intervener, Counsel for the Intervener, Ontario Ontario Securities Commission Securities Commission 111iii BRITISH COLUMBIA CIVIL LIBERTIESLIBERTIES POWER LAW ASSOCIATION 130 Albert Street Stockwoods LLP Suite 1103 TD North Tower, Toronto-DominionToronto-Dominion Centre Ottawa, ON K1P 5G4 77 King Street West, Suite 4130 Toronto, ON M5K 11111H1 David Taylor Tel: (613) 702702-5563-5563 Gerald Chan Fax: (613) 702-5563702-5563 Nader R. Hasan Email: [email protected] Tel: (416) 593593-1517-1517 Fax: (416) 593593-9345-9345 Ottawa Agent for the Intervener, British Email: [email protected] Columbia Civil Liberties Association Counsel for the Intervener, British Columbia Civil Liberties Association ATTORNEY GENERAL OF QUEBEC NOEL & ASSOCIESASSOCIÉS Procureur generalgénéral du QuebecQuébec 111, rue ChamplainChamplain 1200, Route de l'Eglise,l’Église, 2eme2ème etageétage Gatineau, Quebec Quebec,Québec, Quebec J8X 3R1 G1V 4M1 Pierre Landry Sylvain Leboeuf Tel: (819) 771771-7393-7393 Tel: (418) 643-1477643-1477 Ext. 21010 Fax: (819) 771-5397771-5397 Fax: (418) 644644-7030-7030 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Ottawa Agent for the Intervener, Counsel for the Intervener, Attorney Attorney General of Quebec General of Quebec GOLDBLATT PARTNERS LLP GOLDBLATT PARTNERS LLPLLP Box 180 500 —– 30 Metcalfe Street 1100 —– 20 Dundas Street West Ottawa, ON K1P 5L4 Toronto, ON MSGM5G 2G8 Colleen Bauman Marlys A. Edwardh Tel: (613) 482-2463482-2463 Adriel Weaver Fax: (613) 235-3041235-3041 Tel: (416) 979979-4380-4380 Email: [email protected] Fax: (416) 979979-4430-4430 Email: [email protected] Ottawa Agent for the Intervener, Canadian Civil Liberties Association Counsel for the Intervener,Intervener, Canadian Civil Liberties Association iv WALSH LLP SUPREME ADVOCACY LLP 2800 —– 801 6th Avenue S.W. 340 Gilmour Street, Suite 100 Calgary, AB T2P 4A3 Ottawa, ON K2P OR30R3 Brendan Myers Miller Marie-FranceMarie-France Major Tel: (403) 267-8467267-8467 Tel: (613) 695695-8855-8855 Fax: (403) 264-9400264-9400 Fax: (613) 695-8580695-8580 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Counsel for the Appellant, Ronald James Ottawa Agent for the Appellant, Ronald Aitkens James Aitkens TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Part I —– Overview …………………………………………………………………….. 1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 1 Statement of Facts ………………………………………………………………….. 2 Part II —– Statement of Position ………………………………………………………. 2 Part III —– Statement of Argument …………………………………………………… 33 1. Imprisonment and Larges Fines May Attract Section 11 (f) Protection ………… 3 2. The Impact on Liberty and Security Should be Considered in Determining 7 Whether a Punishment is More Severe than Five Years'Years’ Imprisonment …………... Part IV —– Submissions Concerning Costs …………………………………………... 10 Part V —– Order Sought ………………………………………………………………. 10 Part VI —– Table of Authorities ………………………………………………………. 11 Part VII —– Legislative Enactments ………………………………………………….. 13 1 PART I - OVERVIEW Introduction 1. The Canadian Constitutional Foundation ("CCF")(“CCF”) submits that an offence carrying a maximum punishment of a prison term less than five years combined with a large fine may engage the right to a jury trial under s. 11(f)11(f) of the CharterCharter.. In determining whether a punishment is more severe than five years'years’ imprisonment, regard should be had to the K.R.JK.R.J.1 framework,framework, particularly the impact on the libertyliberty and security interests of offenders from the maximum punishment authorized by the offence. 2. The inclusion of offences such as s. 194(1) of the Securities Act2 within the ambit of s. 11(f)11(f) follows from the purposive approach to rights interpretation laidlaid down in Big M3 andand Southam.Southam.4 Had the CharterCharter's’s drafters intended to restrict s. 11(f)11(f) to offences with at least five years'years’ imprisonment or sanctions such as corporal punishment, banishment, forced labour or citizenship revocation, they would have drafted s. 11(f)11(f) accordingly. Instead, they used the broad term "punishment",“punishment”, with reference to a five year prison term severity benchmark. The right to a jury trial for offences such as s. 194(1) of the Securities Act is also supported by the historical originsorigins of s. 11(f),11(f), which is rooted in the protection against tyranny from oppressive laws and their enforcement and the jury'sjury’s central role in the Canadian justice system. It is further supported