School WASH research: Pakistan country report April 2016 Report prepared for WaterAid by Jacques Edouard-Tiberghien, Partnerships in Practice School WASH – Pakistan country report Contents Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. 3 Executive summary .............................................................................................................................. 4 Background .................................................................................................................................... 4 Water and sanitation (WASH) coverage in schools ................................................................ 4 Two programmatic entry points at national level...................................................................... 5 Suggested strategy and programmatic approaches................................................................ 5 Chief constraints and possible solutions ................................................................................... 6 Demonstrating a scalable model and accompanying the Government in scaling it up...... 7 1. Background ....................................................................................................................................... 9 2. WaterAid context ............................................................................................................................ 10 3. Country context .............................................................................................................................. 11 3.1. Generalities .............................................................................................................................. 11 3.1.1. Geography and demography ......................................................................................... 11 3.1.2. Political and administrative systems ............................................................................. 11 3.1.3. Economy ........................................................................................................................... 12 3.2. WASH sector ........................................................................................................................... 12 3.2.1. Institutional framework and public investment ............................................................ 12 3.2.3. Water supply ..................................................................................................................... 13 3.2.4. Sanitation .......................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.4. Challenges ........................................................................................................................ 14 3.3. Education sector ...................................................................................................................... 15 3.3.1. The education system ..................................................................................................... 15 3.3.1. Weak performance .......................................................................................................... 16 3.3.2. A system in crisis ............................................................................................................. 16 3.3.3. Reform ............................................................................................................................... 17 3.4. Health and nutrition ................................................................................................................. 18 4. Research aims and objectives ..................................................................................................... 19 5. Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 19 5.1. Analytical framework .............................................................................................................. 19 5.2. Data collection and analysis .................................................................................................. 20 5.3. Process ..................................................................................................................................... 20 5.4. Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 22 5.4.1. A compact visit ................................................................................................................. 22 5.4.2. Focusing on selected provinces .................................................................................... 22 5.4.3. School selection ............................................................................................................... 22 5.4.4. School WASH bottleneck analysis ................................................................................ 23 5.5. Recommendations for the use of the school WASH bottleneck analysis tool ............... 23 6. Findings............................................................................................................................................ 24 6.1. Enabling .................................................................................................................................... 24 6.1.1. Policies .............................................................................................................................. 24 6.1.2. Planning ............................................................................................................................ 34 6.1.3. Budget ............................................................................................................................... 44 6.2. Developing ............................................................................................................................... 48 6.2.1. Access ............................................................................................................................... 48 6.2.2. Equity ................................................................................................................................. 50 www.wateraid.org/ppa [email protected] WaterAid is a registered charity: Australia: ABN 99 700 687 141. Canada: 119288934 RR0001. India: U85100DL2010NPL200169. Sweden: Org.nr: 802426-1268, PG: 90 01 62-9, BG: 900-1629. UK: 288701 (England and Wales) and SC039479 (Scotland). US: WaterAid America is a 501(c) (3) non-profit organization 1 School WASH – Pakistan country report 6.2.3. Capacity ............................................................................................................................ 53 6.3. Sustaining ................................................................................................................................. 58 6.3.1. Operation and maintenance inputs ............................................................................... 58 6.3.3. Use ..................................................................................................................................... 62 7. Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 64 7.1. Recommendations for WaterAid Pakistan’s country strategy .......................................... 64 7.2. Recommendations for WaterAid Pakistan country approaches ...................................... 65 7.2.1. Recommendation for a nationwide advocacy campaign ........................................... 65 7.2.2. Recommendations for school WASH approaches ..................................................... 66 7.3. Recommendations for WaterAid Pakistan school WASH programming processes ..... 70 7.3.1. Relevant tools ................................................................................................................... 70 7.3.2. The Golden Triangle ........................................................................................................ 70 Annex A – TOR ................................................................................................................................... 72 Background .................................................................................................................................. 72 Aim…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..72 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 72 General approach ....................................................................................................................... 72 Deliverables ................................................................................................................................. 73 Time scale .................................................................................................................................... 74 Inputs …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….74 Other requirements ..................................................................................................................... 74 Payment milestones ..................................................................................................................