DOI number: 10.14754/CEU.2021.01 Doctoral Dissertation Negotiating Catholic Reform: Global Catholicism and Its Local Agents in Northern Ottoman Rumeli (1570s-1680s) By Emese Muntán Supervisor Dr. Tijana Krstić Submitted to the Medieval Studies Department and the Doctoral School of History of Central European University, Budapest in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval Studies, and for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2021 DOI number: 10.14754/CEU.2021.01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO EXTERNAL FUNDING AGENCIES CONTRIBUTING TO PHD DISSERTATIONS Name of doctoral candidate: Emese Annamária Muntán Title of dissertation: Negotiating Catholic Reform: Global Catholicism and Its Local Agents in Northern Ottoman Rumeli (1570s-1680s) Name of supervisor(s): Dr. Tijana Krstić External funding agency: European Research Council Acknowledgement: This research has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 648498 OTTOCONFESSION. This research has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2017-2013) under grant agreement No. 648498 OTTOCONFESSION. CEU eTD Collection DOI number: 10.14754/CEU.2021.01 Table of Contents List of Maps ......................................................................................................................... i I. Global Catholicism and Early Modern Ottoman Europe ................................................ 1 I. 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 I. 2. The Conceptual Framework: Situating Catholic Missions in Northern Ottoman Rumeli in a Global Context .................................................................................................................... 3 I. 3. Historiographical Background .......................................................................................... 7 I. 3. 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 7 I. 3. 2. Global Catholicism in Southeast Europe—A Short Historiography .......................................... 8 I. 3. 3. Global Catholicism on the Ground—Shaping Tridentine Reforms ......................................... 16 I. 4. The (Ethno-)Religious Composition of the Northern Balkan Peninsula and Southern Hungary (cc. 1300s–1600s)—Territorial Focus ....................................................................... 20 I. 4. 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 20 I. 4. 2. The Contours of ‘Northern Ottoman Rumeli’ ............................................................................ 22 I. 4. 3. Bosnia, Slavonia, Srem, and the Banat in the Late Middle Ages .............................................. 25 I. 4. 4. Bosnia, Slavonia-Srem, and the Banat under Ottoman Rule .................................................... 43 I. 4. 5. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 49 I. 5. Accommodating Religious Difference in the Ottoman Empire (1500s–1600s)— Theoretical-Methodological Considerations and Terminology................................................ 51 I. 5. 1. The Problem of Christian Millets in the Ottoman Empire ........................................................ 51 I. 5. 2. Approaching Catholicism and Religious Coexistence in Early Modern Southeast Europe ... 56 I. 5. 3. Missionary and Ottoman Taxonomies—Conceptualizing Ethno-Religious Affiliations in Northern Rumeli ........................................................................................................................................ 59 I. 6. Sources ............................................................................................................................. 63 II. Global Catholicism and its Local Agents in Northern Ottoman Rumeli (1570s–1680s) 67 II. 1. Protecting and Safeguarding the Christian Communities of the Ottoman Empire and Rumeli ...................................................................................................................................... 67 II. 1. 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 67 II. 1. 2. Ragusan Merchants and Priests in Ottoman Southeast Europe ............................................. 70 II. 1. 3. Franciscans in Ottoman Bosnia—From Roman Inquisitors to Privileged Ottoman Subjects ..................................................................................................................................................................... 73 II. 1. 4. The Restoration of the Patriarchate of Peć and the Consolidation of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Northern Rumeli ..................................................................................................................... 78 II. 1. 5. Ottoman Kadis and Their Christians ......................................................................................... 83 CEU eTD Collection II. 2. The Post-Tridentine Papacy and its Reform Program in Ottoman Rumeli ................... 86 II. 2. 1. Introduction—The Holy See and the Christians of the Ottoman Empire .............................. 86 II. 2. 2. Catholic Missions in Northern Ottoman Rumeli ...................................................................... 91 II. 2. 3. Local Agents of Tridentine Reforms .......................................................................................... 95 II. 3. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 101 III. Implementing Tridentine Marriage Reforms in Northern Ottoman Rumeli in the Sixteenth-Seventeenth Centuries .................................................................................... 102 DOI number: 10.14754/CEU.2021.01 III. 1. Introduction: The Post-Tridentine Papacy and the Administration of the Sacraments ............................................................................................................................................... 102 III. 2. The Theological and Legal Framework of the Institution of Matrimony in the Catholic, Orthodox, and Islamic Traditions ......................................................................................... 105 III. 2. 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 105 III. 2. 2. The Sacrament of Marriage before and after the Council of Trent .................................... 106 III. 2. 3. Marriage in Orthodox Canon Law ......................................................................................... 112 III. 2. 4. Marriage in Islam .................................................................................................................... 116 III. 3. Negotiating Illicit and Invalid Marriages in Northern Ottoman Rumeli .................... 120 III. 3. 1. The Decree Tametsi and Its Local Implementation ............................................................... 120 III. 3. 2. Using and Abusing Marriage—Changing Patterns of Kinship and Ritual in Matrimonial Bonds ........................................................................................................................................................ 127 III. 3. 3. Contesting the Indissolubility of Matrimony—Catholics in front of Orthodox Priests and Ottoman Kadis ......................................................................................................................................... 139 III. 4. Conclusion................................................................................................................... 158 IV. Confessional Transgressions in the Household—Mixed Marriages and Baptisms in Early Modern Northern Rumeli ...................................................................................... 160 IV.1. Introduction—The Problem of Disparitas Cultus and the Impediment of Mixed Religion ............................................................................................................................................... 160 IV. 2. The Social and Religious Dynamics of Intermarrying with Muslims .......................... 165 IV. 2. 1. The Social Status of Catholic Women in Early Modern Ottoman Rumeli ......................... 165 IV. 2. 2. Till Time Do Us Part—The Problem of Temporary Marriages between Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Rumeli .................................................................................................................. 167 IV. 2. 3. Remaining a Catholic in a Mixed Marriage ........................................................................... 174 IV. 3. The Repercussions of Catholic-Orthodox Marriages ................................................... 180 IV. 3. 1. Abducting Women for the Sake of Marriage .......................................................................... 180 IV. 3. 2. Catholics and the ‘Rite’ of the Orthodox ..............................................................................