CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1) HISTORY The Salishan, Athabasca and other different group live along the competitors and coast line of British Columbia. The Europeans reach first time in the North America nearest from green land at AD 1000. But no one knows until around 1480 to 1500 AD. But after some time it was spread on the basis of the English claim to Canada. Stand in the market and bite the competitors are the main goal of the European who settle in the Canada. But it also includes the Hudson‘s Bay Company, which is grounded on the economic activity but the competition spread from Europe to North America and number of dispute can fight up to the treaty of ultreach in 1713. But this situation not stands in long time period about 1745 to 1760. But after the sometime period this situation was again started between Anglo- French and British. But at the time of 1763 treaty of parish pick up the rule to the area which is known to the America. But the pressure arises between the French and English speaking Society. It can also affect the colony upto the war 1812 between the Americans most Canadian side with the British army. At the defected of what was as upper and lower Canada But the development of USA come a movement for the unification of the colonies of British North America. It called with new nation named was Canada. It was created by the British North America Act of 1867 and proclaimed in Canada on 1 July and1867. The Federation included Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario. But prince Edwards Island and New found land refused the join. The Yukon Territory Joined Canada at 1898. But before many years ago the Canada known the name of ―Kanata‖ Word for Village, French Navigator Jacques Cartier Christened Canada with its name in 1535. In the early days of 20th – century, Regional economies Depend on Fishing, farming, lumbering, mining, and manufacturing were Canada mainstay. But this country goes globally from national to international markets due to the Effect of technological change and commercial policies. 2 ―A Mari usual ad Mare‖ (From Sea to Sea): Canada has to the Unique Characteristic like old rocks, mountains, lakes, rivers and other important resources. In the world, Canada is the 2nd largest country by the area vise. Canada have large geographical area, it spread 10 million square kilometers. According the one Expert, Canada is the land of crude petroleum and the Natural gas, iron ore, Nickel, Zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish But the European traders change the society. But the Canada becomes an independent nation at the time of 1867, when the three provinces of British North America united to form the nation. The Canada country is both a constitutional monarchy and an independent democratic system led by Elizabeth II, who is a queen of Canada. And the Canada has a stable political system with the sound policy. And the US and Canada cooperate on various military exercises and campaigns, but the Canada maintains its policy. And it maintains the relationship with cubs and it has kept away from the Iraq war. But due to the vast stretches of Unwelcoming wilderness towards the north, and the 90% of Canadian people live within 200 kilometers of the united state. People roaming from Asia. Probability crossing the bearing strait, first time settled in the North America. They form in number of types that can be unique by language. The biggest group was the Algonquian, often change, who inhabited the eastern the eastern sub – article and maritime areas but by the 18th century had waded into the parties and plains of the mid – west. The Iroquoian lived in mostly in the 1st Lawrence valley and around lakes Ontario and Erie. 3 1.2) GEOGRAPHIC Location: northern north America, bordering the north Atlantic ocean and north pacific ocean, north of the conterminous US Area: total 9984670 sq. km Land: 9093507 sq. km Water: 891163sq km After Russia, Canada is the 2nd largest country in the world with a strategic location between Russia and US via NORTHPOLAR route. it is slightly larger than the US . Approximately 85% of the population is concentrated within 300km of the US/Canada border. Land boundaries: total -8893 km; border countries- US 8893 km (includes 2477km with Alaska). Cost line: 243791 km Climate: varies from temperate in south to sub-arctic and arctic in north. Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in south-east. Elevation extremes: lowest point – Atlantic Ocean 0 m ; highest point –mount Logan 5959m Natural hazards: continuous permafrost in the north is the serious obstacle to development. Cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the arctic, pacific and North American interior, and produce most of the country‘s rain and snow. 4 1.3) DEMOGRAPHIC Population: estimated population is 34.03 million (July 2011) Population growth rate: Population growth in Canada increase from 1990 to 2008 with 5.6 million and 20.4%. Life expectancy: total population 81.23 years. Male: 78.69 years Female: 83.91 years Age structure: 0-14 years: 16.1 % (male 2761711/female 2626836) 15-64years: 68.7 % (male 11633950/female 11381735) 65 above: 15.2 % (male2220189/2862787) Capital city: Ottawa People: Canada is multicultural country with the people all over the world who have now made Canada their home. Ethnic groups (wholly or partly): north American origin 40%, British origin 33%,french origin 16%, other European 29%, aboriginal peoples 4%, south , east & south-east Asian 9%, other ( mostly Caribbean, Arab, African, Latin/central/south American and west Asian)6% The total comes to more than 100% because many Canadians (approximately 38%) have a mixed background. Languages: 5 In 2006, about 17.4 percent of the population were reportedly bilingual. Language Percentage English 57.8% English and French 17.4% (Bilingual) French 22.1% Canada has two official languages, English-57.8%, French- 22.1%, Other languages -17% Religions: Religions Percentage Roman Catholic 43% Protestant 23% (united church 9%, Anglican 6%, bapist 2%, Lutheran 2%) Other Christian 4% Muslim 1% Other and 11% unspecified None 16% Currency: Canadian dollar (known as the ‗‘loonies‘‘ –a native bird). 1 dollar is made p of 100 cents. Major political parties: Federal levels are: Conservative party Liberal party Bloc Quebecois 6 New Democratic Party Notable provincial parties: The progressive conservative party The party Quebecois in Quebec The Saskatchewan party The Yukon party Government: Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a federal state with a democratic system of government based on Westminster model. Head of state: Queen Elizabeth 2 (since February 1952) Head of government: Prime Minister Stephen Harper (since 6 February 2006) Foreign minister: the honorable john Baird (May 2011) Membership of international grouping: Member of commonwealth NAFTA, NATO, OAS, WTO,G8, G20,La francophonie 1.4) ECONOMY: Basic economic facts Nominal GDP US$ 1737 billion GDP per head US$50436(2011 EST.) GDP growth 2.1 %( April 2012 Est.) Inflation 2.9 %( 2011) 7 Labourforce 19 million (2011 Est.) Unemployment: 7.5 %( 2011) : Major industries: auto of fossil fuels,, forestry and agriculture. Mobile manufacturing, pulp and paper, iron and steel work, machine and equipment manufacturing, mining, extraction of fossil fuels, forestry and agriculture. Major trading partners: United States, UK, Japan and china. Exports: US$462.4billion (2011) Exports-commodities: Automobiles and parts, machinery and equipment, high-technological product, oil, natural gas, metals, and forest and farm products. Imports: US$493billion (2011) Imports – commodities: machinery, electric machinery and equipment, industry goods, mobile and vehicles and parts, minerals fuels and oils, plastics Gross government debt: C$1460 billion (2011) Government debt (% of GDP):85 %( 2011) Exchange rate: C$1.58(Sep. 2012) 8 1.5) POLITICS: Canada is divided into 308 electoral districts. Voters have to elect Member of Parliament to send to the House of Commons. There are mainly two chambers in Canadian parliament that are the house of commons (308 seats) and the senate (only 105 senators). The house of commons is for five year terms that are elected by popular vote. The senate members are selected by prime minister for the time until 75 of age. Recent political developments: The conservative party of Canada won the country‘s federal election in 2011 which is led by Stephen Harper. Human rights: International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights International covenant on political and cultural rights Optional protocol (for individual complaints) Second optional protocol (death penalty) 9 Convention for the rights of children Amendment to article43 (2) Convention on the punishment and prevention of crime ECONOMY A strong resource rich country An abundance of natural resources gives Canada a core advantage. Mining, forestry and oil have formed the bastion of Canadian exports and trade for few sometime.50% of total resources of energy resources in Canada, as per the timber and mineral resources. Some of the metallic minerals Canada produce consist of gold, nickel, uranium, bismuth, zinc, cobalt, and cadmium. Potash, diamond, and cement constitute the country‘s non-metallic mineral production as well as coal. Canada‘s not only the forestland but also the pulp and paper business largest manufacturing sector. The economy of Canada is forestry, which include 1 out of every 44 jobs. Canada possesses 10% of the world‘s forest measuring. it is one of the largest exporters of forest products; it‘s consist of essential amount of its surplus balance of trade. 1.6) Culture: Drooping fertility rates The country population 3.1 million, with a population of only three inhabitants per square kilometer, one of the lower in the world.