THE OXFORD HANDB OOK OF ISLAMIC THEOLOGY Edited by SABINE SCHMIDTKE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Ta b l e of C o n t e n t s List of Contributors ix Introduction 1 Sa b in e S c h m id t k e PART I ISLAMIC THEOLOG(IES) DURING THE FORMATIVE AND THE EARLY MIDDLE PERIOD 1. Origins of Kalām 27 A l e x a n d e r T r e ig e r 2. The Early Qadariyya 44 St e v e n C. Ju d d 3. Jahm b. Safwān (d. 128/745-6) and the ‘Jahmiyya’ and Ḍirār b. ʿAmr (d. 200/815) 55 C o r n e l ia S c h o c k 4. Early Shīʿī Theology 81 M o h a m m a d A li A m ir -M o e z z i 5. Excursus I: Christian Theological Thought during the First ʿAbbāsid Century 91 S id n e y H. G r if f it h 6. Excursus II: Ungodly Cosmologies 103 Pa t r ic ia C r o n e 7. The Mu'tazilite Movement (I): The Origins of the Mu'tazila 130 R a c h a e l -O m a r i 8. The Mu'tazilite Movement (II): The Early Mu'tazilites 142 D a v id B e n n e t t 9. The Mu'tazilite Movement (III): The Scholastic Phase 159 Sa b in e S c h m id t k e Vi CONTENTS 10. The Shīʿī Reception of Mu ʿtazilism (I): Zaydīs 181 H a s s a n A n s a r i 11. The Shīʿī Reception of Mu'tazilism (II): Twelver Shīʿīs 196 H a s s a n A n s a r i a n d Sa b in e Sc h m id t k e 12. The Predecessors of Ash'arism: Ibn Kullāb, al-Muhāsibī and al-Qalānisī 215 H a r it h Bin R a m l i 13. Between Cordoba and Nisabur: The Emergence and Consolidation of Ash'arism (Fourth-Fifth/Tenth-Eleventh Century) 225 Ja n T h ie l e 14. Early Ibadi Theology 242 W il f e r d M a d e l u n g 15. Karramiyya 252 A r o n Z y so w 16. Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology 263 B in y a m in A b r a h a m o v 17. Hanafi Theological Tradition and Maturidism 280 U l r ic h Ru d o lp h 18. Philosophical Theology 297 Pe t e r A d a m so n 19. Isma'ili Theology 313 Da n ie l D e S m e t 20. Sufi Theological Thought 325 Martin Nguyen PART II INTELLECTUAL INTERACTIONS OF ISLAMIC THEOLOGY(IES) —FOUR CASE STUDIES 21. Occasionalism 347 U l r ic h R u d o lp h 22. Abu Hashim al-Jubba'i's (d. 321/933) Theory o f ‘States’ (ahwal) and its Adaption by Ash'arite Theologians 364 Ja n T h ie l e CO N TENTS v ii 23. Theories of Ethical Value in Kalam: A New Interpretation 384 A y m a n Sh ih a d e h 24. Theology and Logic 408 K h a l e d E l -R o u a y h e b PART III ISLAMIC THEOLOGY(IES) DURING THE LATER MIDDLE AND EARLY MODERN PERIOD 25. Theology Engages With Avicennan Philosophy: al-Ghazali's Tahafut al-falasifa and Ibn al-Malahimi's Tuhfat al-mutakallimin fil-radd 'ala l-falasifa 435 Fr a n k G r if f e l 26. Twelver Shi'i Theology 456 R e z a Po u r ja v a d y a n d Sa b in e S c h m id t k e 27. Zaydi Theology in Yemen 473 H a s s a n A n s a r i, Sa b in e Sc h m id t k e , a n d Ja n T h ie l e 28. Handbooks in the Tradition of Later Eastern Ash'arism 494 H eid r u n E ic h n e r 29. Later Ash'arism in the Islamic West 515 D e l f in a S e r r a n o Ruan o 30. Egypt and the Later Ash'arite School 534 A a r o n S p e v a c k 31. Excursus III: The Coptic and Syriac Receptions of Neo-Ash'arite Theology 547 G r eg o r S c h w a r b 32. Theology in the Ottoman Lands 567 M. Sa i t Ö z e r v a r l i 33. Theology in Central Asia 587 N a t h a n S p a n n a u s 34. Theology in the Indian Subcontinent 606 A s a d Q. A h m e d a n d R e z a Po u r ja v a d y viii CONTENTS 35. Hanbali Theology 625 Jo n H o o v e r PART IV POLITICAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY AND ITS IMPACT ON THEOLOGY- FOUR CASE STUDIES 36. al-Ma’mun (r. 198/813-218/833) and the Mihna 649 N im ro d H u r v it z 37. The Mihna of Ibn ‘Aqil (d. 513/1119) and the Fitnat Ibn al-Qushayri (d. 514/1120) 660 Livnat Holtzman 38. The Religious Policy of the Almohads 679 M a r ib e l F ier r o 39. Interpretations of Ash'arism and Maturidism in Mamluk and Ottoman Times 693 L u t z Be r g e r PART V ISLAMIC THEOLOGICAL THOUGHT FROM THE END OF THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD TO THE MODERN PERIOD 40. Main Trends of Islamic Theological Thought from the Late Nineteenth Century to Present Times 707 Ro t r a u d W ie l a n d t 41. Striving for a New Exegesis of the Quran 765 Jo h a n n a P in k Index 793.